The present study was conducted primarily to evaluate several factors that affect the nuclear transfer programme in water buffalos, in which relatively few studies have been performed. Embryos reconstructed with quiescent fetal fibroblasts and metaphase II cytoplasts were matured for 24 h, and activation was found to be comparatively better than in those matured for 30 h. A significantly higher proportion of embryos fused (52.0 +/- 1.9) and cleaved (51.2 +/- 1.7) when the couplets were fused 4-6 h before activation than when fused and activated simultaneously (46.5 +/- 1.6 and 44.5 +/- 2.0, respectively). Development of nuclear transfer embryos to the blastocyst stage (4.8 +/- 2.2) was supported by a commercially available sequential medium, and cleavage (76.5 +/- 2.8) was significantly higher in this medium compared with cleavage in TCM-199 with oviduct epithelial cell coculture (45.6 +/- 1.5) and synthetic oviduct fluid (21.8 +/- 6.6). Of the 16 cloned embryos transferred, none resulted in pregnancy. The present study demonstrates that optimal numbers of cloned buffalo blastocysts can be obtained from oocytes matured for 24 h, fused 3-4 h before activation and cultured in a commercially available sequential media (G1/G2), thus providing further information to enable successful nuclear transfer in buffalos.