In vitro fertilization/embryo transfer (IVF/ART) results have shown significant improvements during the last decade. In the United States the rate of live births per cycle improved gradually to become 27% in 2001. Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) are increasingly being used for the treatment of tubal factor infertility. In this review the data are derived largely from our department, where we have treated sufficient numbers of patients and have maintained substantial consistency in our surgical techniques. This 3-part review demonstrates a high success rate of intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) after anastomosis for sterilization reversal. This rate, for those who are < 35 years of age at the time of reversal, is >70%, with most pregnancies occurring within 18 months after surgery. Those who are 35 years of age or more will have a 55% rate of IUP. We note, too, the satisfactory IUP rate (50%) after tubocornual anastomosis for proximal tubal disease. We document the beneficial role of laparoscopic salpingoovariolysis, fimbrioplasty and salpingostomy performed during the initial diagnostic laparoscopy. The IUP rates after salpingoovariolysis and fimbrioplasty are 60% and 50%, respectively. The rates of IUP for salpingostomy are modest in comparison, yet they are 25% for liberal use of salpingostomy during the preliminary laparoscopy. Salpingostomy also provides a beneficial effect upon embryo implantation in both in vivo and in vitro attempts at conception. This stresses the need for an appropriate preliminary investigation and for the subsequent diagnostic laparoscopy to be performed at a center able to perform these procedures. The evidence suggests that surgery should retain its place in the treatment of tubal infertility. Surgery and ART are complementary approaches that can be used singly or in combination to improve the outcome for couples with tubal infertility.