Model for plastid and translocator origin in the common ancestor of the Plantae and the chromalveolates. CB is cyanobacterium, and RA is red alga. The chromalveolate tree reflects the present understanding of the phylogeny of this group (see, e.g., references 3 and 14).

Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of endomembrane and plastid translocators. PHYML bootstrap values (200 replications) are shown above the branches on the left of the slash mark, whereas the values to the right are from an NJ analysis (100 replications). The bootstrap values shown below the branches in italics are from an unweighted MP analysis (2,000 replications). Only bootstrap values ≥60% are shown. The red algae, plants, and chromalveolates are shown in red, green, and brown text, respectively. The different plastid translocators are GPT, PPT, TPT, and XPT. Api. is apicomplexans, Hap. is haptophytes, and Str. is stramenopiles. The numbers in the filled circles indicate translocators to the right that resulted from primary (1) and secondary (2) endosymbiosis.