Overexpressed GAPDH and Siah1 enhance nuclear targeting of mHtt. (A) Overexpressed GAPDH augments nuclear targeting of mHtt (N171-82Q) 10- to 15-fold in N2a cells transfected with FLAG-tagged mHtt and GAPDH. The binding of GAPDH to Siah1 is critical for nuclear targeting of mHtt, because GAPDH-K225A, which fails in binding to Siah1 and translocating to the nucleus, leads to significantly less nuclear mHtt than GAPDH (t test, ∗, P < 0.01; ∗∗, P < 0.001). (B) Overexpressed Siah1 augments nuclear targeting of mHtt in N2a cells transfected with mHtt and Siah1. Overexpressed Siah1 and Siah1ΔNLS degrade both total and nuclear mHtt through the ubiquitin-E3-ligase activity of Siah1, as Siah1 lacking ubiquitin-E3-ligase activity (Siah1ΔRING) only increases nuclear targeting of mHtt 2- to 3-fold without degrading mHtt. It is noticeable that the ratio of nuclear to total mHtt is tripled by overexpression of Siah1, but not Siah1ΔNLS (ANOVA, ∗, P < 0.01). The bracket indicates SDS-insoluble mHtt aggregates. Data represent the mean and SEM of three independent experiments.

Overexpressed GAPDH and Siah1ΔRING increase mHtt cytotoxicity. (A) Overexpressed GAPDH and Siah1ΔRING augment mHtt cytotoxicity in N2a cells transfected with Htt and GAPDH, Htt-Associated Protein-1 (HAP-1), Siah1ΔRING, or Siah1ΔNLS for 72 h. GAPDH, but not HAP-1, augments cytotoxicity of mHtt N171-82Q, mHtt N427-148Q (mHtt containing N-terminal 427 amino acids and 148 polyQ), and 82 polyQ (82Q), suggesting the specificity of GAPDH. GAPDH is not toxic in itself or with 23 polyQ (23Q). Siah1ΔRING, but not Siah1ΔNLS, significantly augments mHtt toxicity. (B) Enhanced mHtt cytotoxicity by GAPDH is independent of GAPDH glycolytic activity or intracellular ATP levels. Overexpressed GAPDH augments glycolytic activity and the ATP level, which is not affected by mHtt N171-82Q expression. GAPDH-C150S harbors a mutation at the catalytic center, debilitating enzymatic activity of GAPDH (t test, ∗, P < 0.01).

Depletion of GAPDH and Siah1 blocks nuclear targeting of mHtt. mHtt containing N-terminal 67 amino acids and 104Q fused to GFP (N67-104Q-GFP) was transfected into N2a cells pretreated with siRNA to GAPDH or Siah1. Medium was supplemented with 1 mM pyruvate to avoid toxicity of GAPDH siRNA. Intranuclear inclusions are frequently observed with control RNAi but not with GAPDH siRNA or Siah1 siRNA. When nuclear targeting of mHtt is significantly less efficient without GAPDH or Siah1, and mHtt is accumulated in the perinuclear region. Each graph bar in B corresponds to the scoring of ≈200 inclusions from randomly chosen fields 36 h after transfection performed in triplicate (t test, ∗, P < 0.01).

Htt, GAPDH, and Siah1 form a ternary complex. (A) GAPDH binds to Htt in vitro. GST-tagged GAPDH (GST-GAPDH) and His-tagged Htt containing N-terminal 171 amino acids and 23 polyQ (His-N171-23Q) were purified from Escherichia coli. In vitro binding assay was performed on glutathione beads. (B) Htt, GAPDH, and Siah1 form a ternary complex in HEK293T cells transfected with myc-tagged Htt N171-23Q or N171-148Q, and HA-tagged Siah1 or Siah1ΔRING, as shown by coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP). The Htt protein complex was immunoprecipitated by myc antibody and immunoblotted with Htt (EM48), GAPDH, and HA antibodies. (Left) Siah1, a rapidly turning-over protein, is stabilized (input) and recruited to the Htt-GAPDH complex (IP) to a greater extent with N171-148Q than with N171-23Q. (Center) Siah1ΔRING is resistant to self degradation, leading to comparable protein levels in N171-23Q and N171-148Q-transfected cells (input). More Siah1ΔRING is recruited to the Htt-GAPDH complex by N171-148Q than by N171-23Q (IP). PolyQ expansion does not affect the interaction of GAPDH and Htt. (Right) Densitometric analysis of coIP shows that mHtt is better than wtHtt in recruiting Siah1 and Siah1ΔRING. Data represent the mean and SEM of two independent experiments (t test, ∗, P < 0.01).