Expression of chloroplast genes is primarily regulated posttranscriptionally, and a number of RNA elements, found in either the 5'- or 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of plastid mRNAs, that impact gene expression have been identified. Complex regulatory and feedback mechanisms influence both translation and protein accumulation, making assignment of roles for specific RNA elements difficult. To identify specific contributions made by various UTRs on translation of plastid mRNAs, we used a heterologous gfp reporter gene that is fused combinatorially to chloroplast 5'- and 3'-UTRs. In general, the 5'-UTR, including the promoter, of the plastid atpA and psbD genes produced the highest levels of chimeric mRNA and protein accumulation, while the 5'-UTR of the rbcL and psbA genes produced less mRNA and protein. Varying the 3'-UTR had little impact on mRNA and protein accumulation, as long as a 3'-UTR was present. Overall, accumulation of chimeric mRNAs was proportional to protein accumulation, with a few notable exceptions. Light-regulated translation continues to operate in chimeric mRNAs containing the 5'-UTR of either the psbA or psbD mRNAs, despite translation of these two chimeric mRNAs at very different efficiencies, suggesting that translational efficiency and light-regulated translation are separate events. Translation of some chimeric mRNAs was much more efficient than others, suggesting that interactions between the untranslated and coding sequences can dramatically impact translational efficiency.