Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases or PARPs are a family of NAD(+)-dependent enzymes that modify themselves and other substrate proteins with ADP-ribose polymers. The founding member PARP 1 is localized predominantly in the nucleus and is activated by binding to DNA lesions. Excessive PARP 1 activation following genotoxin treatment causes NAD(+) depletion and cell death, whereas pharmacological PARP 1 inhibition protects cells from genotoxicity. This study investigates whether cellular viability and NAD(+) metabolism are regulated by tankyrase-1, a PARP member localized predominantly in the cytosol. Using a tetracycline-sensitive promoter to regulate tankyrase-1 expression in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, we found that a 40-fold induction of tankyrase-1 (from 1,500 to 60,000 copies per cell) lowers steady-state NAD(+) levels but does not affect basal cellular viability. Moreover, the induction confers protection against the oxidative agent H(2)O(2) and the alkylating agent MNNG, genotoxins that kill cells by activating PARP 1. The cytoprotective effect of tankyrase-1 is not due to enhanced scavenging of oxidants or altered expression of Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic molecule previously shown to be down-regulated by tankyrase-1 in CHO cells. Instead, tankyrase-1 appears to protect cells by preventing genotoxins from activating PARP 1-mediated reactions such as PARP 1 automodification and NAD(+) consumption. Our findings therefore indicate a cytoprotective function of tankyrase-1 mediated through altered NAD(+) homeostasis and inhibition of PARP 1 function.
Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Aug;276(1-2):183-92.