Circular representation of the S.Choleraesuis genome. (A) The chromosome. The outer scale is marked in megabases. Circles range from 1 (outer circle) to 9 (inner circle). Circles 1 and 2, genes on forward and reverse strand; circle 3, transposons, insertion sequences and prophages; circle 4, unique regions (>100 bp in length) in S.Choleraesuis genome, relative to S.Typhi CT18 and S.Typhimurium LT2; circle 5, pseudogenes; circle 6, G+C content, values >52.1% (average) are in red and smaller in blue; circle 7, GC skew (G−C/G+C), values > 0 are in gold and smaller in purple; circle 8, tRNA genes; and circle 9, Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1–6 and 9. (B) Circular representation of pSC138. For the circular diagrams, the outer scale is marked in base pairs. Circles are numbered to the same scheme as in (A). Circles 1 and 2, all genes; circle 3, transposons and insertion sequences (blue) and bacteriophages (red); circle 4, resistance genes on forward (outward orange marks) and reverse (inward orange marks) strand; circle 5, repeat sequences; circle 6, G+C content; and circle 7, GC skew. (C) Circular representation of pSCV50. Circles 1 and 2, all genes; circle 3, G+C content; and circle 4, GC skew. All genes displayed in circles 1 and 2 are color-coded by function: translation/ribosome structure/biogenesis, pink; transcription, olive drab; DNA replication/recombination/repair, forest green; cell division/chromosome partitioning, light blue; posttranslational modification/protein turnover/chaperones, purple; cell envelop biogenesis, red; cell motility/secretion, plum; inorganic ion transport/metabolism, dark sea green; signal transduction mechanisms, medium purple; energy production/conversion, dark olive green; carbohydrate transport/metabolisms, gold; amino acid transport/metabolism, yellow; nucleotide transport/metabolism, orange; coenzyme transport/metabolism, tan; lipid transport/metabolism, salmon; secondary metabolites biosynthesis/transport/catabolism, light green; defense mechanism, black; general function prediction only, dark blue; function unknown, gray.

Distribution of insertions and deletions (indels) among the three sequenced Salmonella genomes. The graph shows the number of the indel events plotted against the size of the inserted or deleted element (shown as number of genes), clearly indicating that most of the events involve a small number of genes. Values above the line represent genes present in one genome relative to the other; values below the line represent genes absent in one genome relative to the other.

Effect of chemotactic attractants on the swarming of S.Choleraesuis SC-B67 and S.Typhimurium LT2 by using tryptone swarm tubes. (A) Swarm distance for S.Choleraesuis SC-B67 and S.Typhimurium LT2 over the time. Control indicates no addition of chemotactic attractants at the bottom of the tube. Each point represents mean ± SD. (B) The swarm rate in the presence of chemotactic attractants of each strain. S.Typhimurium LT2 swarm rate was significantly higher (*P < 0.05 by Student's t-test) in the presence of glucose (with or without PQQ). This situation was not observed in S.Choleraesuis SC-B67.

MICs of Salmonella strains with and without the efflux pump inhibitor (EPI), Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide and western blotting analysis of AcrA expression by these strains. S.Typhimurium strains BN18, BN18/21, BN18/41, BN18/71 [see (22)], and the ciprofloxacin-susceptible S.Choleraesuis strain SC-B42 were used as controls.