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1: J Lipid Res. 2005 Apr;46(4):744-51. Epub 2005 Feb 1.Click here to read Links

Substrate reduction reduces gangliosides in postnatal cerebrum-brainstem and cerebellum in GM1 gangliosidosis mice.

Kasperzyk JL, d'Azzo A, Platt FM, Alroy J, Seyfried TN.

Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.

II3NeuAc-GgOse4Cer (GM1) gangliosidosis is an incurable lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency in acid beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), resulting in the accumulation of ganglioside GM1 and its asialo derivative GgOse4Cer (GA1) in the central nervous system, primarily in the brain. In this study, we investigated the effects of N-butyldeoxygalacto-nojirimycin (N B-DGJ), an imino sugar that inhibits ganglioside biosynthesis, in normal C57BL/6J mice and in beta-gal knockout (beta-gal-/-) mice from postnatal day 9 (p-9) to p-15. This is a period of active cerebellar development and central nervous system (CNS) myelinogenesis in the mouse and would be comparable to late-stage embryonic and early neonatal development in humans. N B-DGJ significantly reduced total ganglioside and GM1 content in cerebrum-brainstem (C-BS) and in cerebellum of normal and beta-gal-/- mice. N B-DGJ had no adverse effects on body weight or C-BS/cerebellar weight, water content, or thickness of the external cerebellar granule cell layer. Sphingomyelin was increased in C-BS and cerebellum, but no changes were found for cerebroside (a myelin-enriched glycosphingolipid), neutral phospholipids, or GA1 in the treated mice. Our findings indicate that the effects of N B-DGJ in the postnatal CNS are largely specific to gangliosides and suggest that N B-DGJ may be an effective early intervention therapy for GM1 gangliosidosis and other ganglioside storage disorders.

PMID: 15687347 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

2: Brain Dev. 2001 Oct;23(6):379-84.Click here to read Links

Development of lysosomal storage in mice with targeted disruption of the beta-galactosidase gene: a model of human G(M1)-gangliosidosis.

Itoh M, Matsuda J, Suzuki O, Ogura A, Oshima A, Tai T, Suzuki Y, Takashima S.

Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, 187-8502, Tokyo, Japan. itoh@ncnp.go.jp

A deficiency of lysosomal acid beta-galactosidase leads to G(M1)-gangliosidosis in humans, which progressively and profoundly affects the brain and other organs mainly in the early infantile period. We report the pathology of mice with targeted disruption of the beta-galactosidase gene. In the central nervous system, vacuolated neurons appeared in the spinal cord 3 days after birth. The vacuolation extended to neurons in the brainstem, cerebral cortex, hippocampus and thalamus and ballooning neurons became prominent with age. The vacuolation also appeared in Purkinje cells without a marked ballooning change. Reactive astrogliosis in the entire brain was marked at the terminal stage of the disease. Immunohistochemical study using anti-ganglioside G(M1) and G(A1) antibodies revealed extensive accumulation of G(M1) and G(A1) in the cerebral neurons. In the liver, however, accumulation of G(M1) was localized in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, whereas that of G(A1) was localized in foamy macrophages and Kupffer cells. There were no significant abnormalities in the bone, bone marrow, or cornea at any stage. Although there are some phenotypic and biochemical differences between this knockout mouse and human GM1 gangliosidosis, the mouse will be a useful model for therapeutic trials for the human disease.

PMID: 11578847 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

3: Glycoconj J. 1997 Sep;14(6):729-36.Click here to read Links

Beta-galactosidase-deficient mouse as an animal model for GM1-gangliosidosis.

Matsuda J, Suzuki O, Oshima A, Ogura A, Noguchi Y, Yamamoto Y, Asano T, Takimoto K, Sukegawa K, Suzuki Y, Naiki M.

Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan.

GM1-gangliosidosis is a progressive neurological disease in humans caused by deficiency of lysosomal acid beta-galactosidase, which hydrolyses the terminal beta-galactosidic residue from ganglioside GM1 and other glycoconjugates. In this study, we generated a mouse model for GM1-gangliosidosis by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. The mouse homozygous for the disrupted beta-galactosidase gene showed beta-galactosidase deficiency, presented with progressive spastic diplegia, and died of emaciation at 7-10 months of age. Pathologically, PAS-positive intracytoplasmic storage was observed in neuronal cells of various areas in the brain. Biochemical analysis revealed a marked accumulation of ganglioside GM1 and asialo GM1 in brain tissue. This animal model will be useful for pathogenetic analysis and therapeutic trial of human GM1-gangliosidosis.

PMID: 9337086 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

4: Brain Dev. 1997 Jan;19(1):19-20.Click here to read Links

Neurological manifestations of knockout mice with beta-galactosidase deficiency.

Matsuda J, Suzuki O, Oshima A, Ogura A, Naiki M, Suzuki Y.

Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan. jmatsuda@nih.go.jp

We succeeded in producing the beta-galactosidase-deficient knockout mouse by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. The mutant mice developed progressive spastic diplegia within a few months after birth, and died of emaciation at 7-10 months of age. This is an authentic murine model of human GMI-gangliosidosis, and is useful for studies of its pathogenesis and treatment.

PMID: 9071485 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

5: Hum Mol Genet. 1997 Feb;6(2):205-11.Click here to read Links

Generalized CNS disease and massive GM1-ganglioside accumulation in mice defective in lysosomal acid beta-galactosidase.

Hahn CN, del Pilar Martin M, Schröder M, Vanier MT, Hara Y, Suzuki K, Suzuki K, d'Azzo A.

Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.

Human GM1-gangliosidosis is caused by a genetic deficiency of lysosomal acid beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). The disease manifests itself either as an infantile, juvenile or adult form and is primarily a neurological disorder with progressive brain dysfunction. A mouse model lacking a functional beta-gal gene has been generated by homologous recombination and embryonic stem cell technology. Tissues from affected mice are devoid of beta-gal mRNA and totally deficient in GM1-ganglioside-hydrolyzing capacity. Storage material was already conspicuous in the brain at 3 weeks. By 5 weeks, extensive storage of periodic acid Schiff-positive material was observed in neurons throughout the brain and spinal cord. Consistent with the neuropathology, abnormal accumulation of GM1-ganglioside in the brain progressed from twice to almost five times the normal amount during the period from 3 weeks to 3.5 months. Despite the accumulation of brain GM1-ganglioside at the level equal to or exceeding that seen in gravely ill human patients, these mice show no overt clinical phenotype up to 4-5 months. However, tremor, ataxia and abnormal gait become apparent in older mice. Thus, the beta-gal-deficient mice appear to mimic closely the pathological, biochemical and clinical abnormalities of the human disease.

PMID: 9063740 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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