Schematic representation of the N. farcinica chromosome. The ticks show the scale in megabases, with zero representing the location of the dnaA gene. The outer two circles show the predicted protein-coding sequences on the plus (sky blue) and minus (pink) strands; the third shows the putative virulence (red) and drug-resistance (blue) genes; the fourth shows secondary metabolism genes (yellow); the fifth shows rrn operon (orange) and tRNA genes (green); the sixth shows phage-related (gray) and transposase (black) genes; the seventh shows percentage G+C in relation to mean G+C for the chromosome; and the eighth shows GC-skew (khaki, >0; purple, <0).

Correlation between paralog content and genome size in various bacteria: atum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens; bjap, Bradyrhizobium japonicum; bsub, Bacillus subtilis; buch, Buchnera sp.; o157, Escherichia coli O-157; k-12, E. coli K-12; gsul, Geobacter sulfurreducens; linn, Listeria innocua; mlot, Mesorhizobium loti; mtub, M. tuberculosis; mlep, Mycobacterium leprae; mpen, Mycoplasma penetrans; mpne, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; nfar, N. farcinica; paer, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; saur, Staphylococcus aureus; spyo, Streptococcus pyogenes; save, S. avermitilis; and scoe, S. coelicolor A3 (2). A linear regression line, which was estimated without using buch and mlep data, is also indicated. Extremely low paralogies in buch and mlep are due to massive decay of genes in these genomes.

(A) Comparison of the rifampin regions of RNAP β subunits among N. farcinica (RpoB and RpoB2), M. tuberculosis (Mtub), S. avermitilis (Save), B. subtilis (Bsub), and E. coli (Ecol). Boxed regions indicate known positions where mutations lead to rifampin resistance in various bacteria. Substitutions found in the RpoB2 are red-colored. (B) Possible advantage of two types of rpoB genes being present in one genome. 1, Rifampin binds to wild-type RNAP and inhibits its function. 2, Certain mutations (asterisks) on the rpoB gene diminish the binding of rifampin to RNAP, making bacteria resistant in the presence of rifampin. However, rpoB mutants destabilize initiation complexes between RNAP and stringently controlled promoters, for example rrnB P1, even in the absence of rifampin. 3, If both types of rpoB genes are present in one genome, such side effects disappear in the absence of rifampin by the wild-type molecule, and bacteria can survive in the presence of rifampin by the mutant molecule.

Ortholog plots of N. farcinica vs. M. tuberculosis (A), C. glutamicum (B), or S. avermitilis (C). Orthologs were identified as reciprocal best hits by using the blastp program. For each genome, the dnaA gene is located at position zero.

Conservation of gene organization in actinomycetes. (A) Conservation of mce operons. Orthologous genes are denoted by the same color. Numbers of operons found in each genome are indicated in parentheses. (B) Comparison of gene organization between the putative siderophore (Upper) and the mycobactin (Lower) biosynthesis gene clusters. Orthologous and nonorthologous genes are denoted by the same color or in gray, respectively. Both clusters contain three nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and two polyketide synthases (PKSs).