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    Science. 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1526-9. Epub 2004 Feb 19.

    Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8.

    Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, Ampenberger F, Kirschning C, Akira S, Lipford G, Wagner H, Bauer S.

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    Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 9, D - 81675 Munich, Germany.

    Abstract

    Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) serves as a danger signal associated with viral infection and leads to stimulation of innate immune cells. In contrast, the immunostimulatory potential of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) is poorly understood and innate immune receptors for ssRNA are unknown. We report that guanosine (G)- and uridine (U)-rich ssRNA oligonucleotides derived from human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) stimulate dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages to secrete interferon-alpha and proinflammatory, as well as regulatory, cytokines. By using Toll-like receptor (TLR)-deficient mice and genetic complementation, we show that murine TLR7 and human TLR8 mediate species-specific recognition of GU-rich ssRNA. These data suggest that ssRNA represents a physiological ligand for TLR7 and TLR8.

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    PMID:
    14976262
    [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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