Genetic linkage of CAD/MI to chromosome 15q26 (adCAD1). (A) Pedigree structure and genotypic analysis of kindred QW1576. Individuals with CAD ( Table 1) are indicated by solid squares (males) or solid circles (females). Unaffected individuals are indicated by open symbols. Normal males under the age of 50 years or normal females under 55 years are shown in light-gray as uncertain phenotype. Deceased individuals are indicated by a slash (/). The proband is indicated by an arrow. Genotypes for markers D15S1014, D15S212, D15S120, and D15S87 are shown below each symbol. Initial linkage was identified with D15S120, which yielded a lod score of 4.19 at a recombination fraction of 0. Haplotype cosegregating with the disease is indicated by the black vertical bars. (B) Coronary angiogram from the proband, who experienced an inferior MI attributed to a plaque rupture lesion (arrow) with a 70% narrowing in the distal right coronary artery. This lesion is at a bifurcation site typical of the pattern of coronary atherosclerosis. The lesion was stented, and follow-up angiography of the site demonstrated wide patency, without any renarrowing. (C) Ideogram of chromosome 15 with the Geimsa banding pattern and localization of the adCAD1 locus. The genetic map with chromosome 15q26 markers and the location of the MEF2A gene is shown on the right.

Functional characterization of wild-type and Δ7aa MEF2A proteins by immunofluorescence. (A to C) MEF2A deletion Δ7aa causes a defect in nuclear localization of the MEF2A protein in three cell types: (A) human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC); (B) human aortic smooth muscle cells (HVSMC); and (C) HeLa cells. Cells were transfected with expression constructs for wild-type and mutant MEF2A proteins tagged with a FLAG epitope. Green, MEF2A signal; blue, nucleus. DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. (D) Colocalization of MEF2A and CD31 (PECAM, an endothelial cell–specific marker) in the endothelium of human coronary arteries. Cryosections (6 μm thick) of human coronary arteries were immunostained with the rabbit polyclonal antiserum to MEF2A. The adjacent sections were used for immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody to CD31. L, lumen; E, endothelium.

MEF2A intragenic deletion cosegregates with CAD in kindred QW1576. (A) The pedigree of kindred QW1576, showing genetic status: + indicates the presence of the 21-bp deletion of MEF2A (heterozygous); − indicates the absence of the deletion. (B) DNA sequence analysis of the wild-type ( WT ) allele and the 21-bp deletion allele (Δ21bp) of MEF2A. Sequence analysis of exon 11 of MEF2A in the proband (II.1) revealed the presence of a deletion. The wild-type and deletion alleles were separated by a 3% agarose gel and a single strand conformation polymorphism gel, purified and sequenced directly. The location of Δ21bp is indicated. (C) Δ21bp results in a deletion of seven amino acids of MEF2A (ΔQ₄₄₀P₄₄₁P₄₄₂Q₄₄₃P₄₄₄Q₄₄₅P₄₄₆).

Functional characterization of wild-type and Δ7aa MEF2A proteins by transcriptional activation assays. The effect of Δ7aa on the transcription activation activity of MEF2A was analyzed in the presence or absence of GATA-1 with the ANF₋₇₀₀ promoter. Transcriptional activity is shown as relative luciferase activity on the y axis. The transcriptional activity of the reporter gene only (vector) was set arbitrarily to 1. WT/Δ7aa data represents coexpression of both wild-type and mutant MEF2As. Inset: Western blot analysis with rabbit polyclonal antiserum to MEF2A showed that both wild-type and mutant MEF2A were successfully expressed in transfected HeLa cells. Vector only (C) was used as a negative control. The MEF2A antibody detected two bands as previously reported (18). The data shown are from two independent experiments in triplicate and are expressed as mean ± SEM.