Polyaxonal (PA) amacrine cells are a new class of amacrine cell bearing one to six branching, axon-like processes that emerge from the cell body or dendritic trees within 50 microns of the cell body. These slender processes of uniform caliber branch at right angles and in many respects closely resemble the axons of Golgi type II cells found elsewhere in the brain. Of the four types of polyaxonal amacrine cell that we have recognized in rabbit retina, two have been described previously in brief communications. One of these, the PA1 amacrine cell with its interstitially displaced cell body, located in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), has been analyzed extensively in two preceding reports. This paper concerns PA2, PA3, and PA4 amacrine cells. Type 2 polyaxonal (PA2) amacrine cells, identified in Golgi preparations of whole-mounted rabbit retinas, have smaller cell bodies (9-14 microns) than the other three types and these are always displaced to the ganglion cell layer (GCL) or the inner border of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The dendritic fields of PA2 cells are also smaller than those of other PA amacrine cells, and most of their sparse dendritic branching is narrowly stratified at the border of strata (S) 4 and 5. Some members of this more heterogeneous amacrine cell "type" are bistratified, however, and more highly branched with terminal branches rising to end in S1. PA2 amacrine cells bear a scattering of small dendritic spines and may also exhibit complex dendritic appendages arising at the ends of terminal branches in proximal regions of the dendritic tree. PA2 cells emit one to three axons from the proximal dendritic tree, and about half of the cells bear a single axon. Type 3 polyaxonal (PA3) amacrine cells resemble PA1 cells in the large size of their cells bodies (11-16 microns) and dendritic fields, but differ from the latter in placement of cell bodies, which is in the GCL, and dendritic and axonal stratification, which is multistratified, ranging from S4 to S1, with a concentration in S3 or S4 and a variable contribution to S1. PA3 cells differ from PA1 cells in several other respects, including dendritic branching which occurs at higher frequency and is biased toward temporal retina, and in characteristic bristling dendritic spines, clustered in the intermediate regions of the dendritic tree, that are longer, more variable in appearance and more tightly clustered than the small, uniform spines of PA1 cells that are clustered on proximal dendrites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)