Comparison of actual mortality schedules with predicted mortality for classical theory and present theory. Mortality should be inversely proportional to force of selection, so logarithms of age-specific death rates, 1/F(a), and 1/T(a) are shown. Fertility, mortality, and transfers are for Ache (35–37). Also plotted is mortality for 18th-century Sweden (data from Human Mortality Database, University of California, Berkeley, and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, and available at www.mortality.org or www.humanmortality.de). All curves are adjusted to have the same minimum at 0, because only shape is being compared. Actual juvenile and adult mortalities agree well with the transfer theory and poorly with classical theory.