The development of specific plants of action to manage the health of different population groups should be based on the results of pilot studies whose purpose is to obtain information that is useful and understandable for decision makers. To improve the health of children living in the town of Gai, Orenburg Region, which is one of the most pressing problems for the town, 100 potential risk factors of frequent diseases among preschool children were analyzed. It has been shown that the frequent occurrence of diseases may be due to the influence of a complex of biomedical and sociohygienic factors. The use of multifactorial analysis permits one not only to assess a role of each factor, but to predict the effectiveness of different preventive measures. The findings yielded a scientifically grounded interdepartmental program for children's health improvement.