Targeting and retention of an inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein. (A) The newly translated protein is translocated into the ER membrane. (B) It diffuses through the peripheral ER. (C) It then diffuses through the nuclear pore membrane to the inner nuclear envelope. (D) Retention of the INM protein as a result of its binding to the nuclear lamina (green) and chromatin (yellow).

Ultrastructure of the RER, SER and NE. (A) Localization of a GFP–ER fusion protein (GFP-Sec61β) expressed in a COS cell and visualized by epifluorescence microscopy. The fine ER network is particularly clear in the thin edges of the cell periphery; three-way junctions and polygonal reticulum are easily visualized. (B) An electron micrograph of a liver cell shows RER (rough reticulum) and patches of SER (smooth reticulum) (picture taken from Fawcett, 1966, with copyright permission from the publisher, W.B. Saunders Co.). (C) Localization of GFP–ER fusion protein (GFPsec63) expressed in yeast and visualized by fluorescence microscopy outlines the structure of the ER (the upper picture focuses on the middle of the cell, the lower on the top of the cell; taken from Prinz et al., 2001, with copyright permission of the Rockefeller University Press). Several tubules (arrow in top panel) connect the outer NE (top panel) to the peripheral ER (bottom panel).