Divisions of Infectious Disease and BioMolecular Medicine, Lyme Disease Unit, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. sam.donta@bmc.org
This article reviews the late and chronic manifestations of Lyme disease. Special attention is given to the chronic manifestations of the disease, detailing its pathogenesis, clinical spectrum, and laboratory criteria for the diagnosis. Based on experimental evidence and experience, approaches to the successful treatment of the late and chronic disease are outlined. Much additional work is needed to improve the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of the disease, its diagnosis and treatment.