Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002 Mar;14(2):93-7.

Influence of cigarette smoking on disease outcome in rheumatoid arthritis.

Source

Department of Rheumatology, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Beverley.Harrison@mail.nmanhc-tr.nwest.nhs.uk

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis. However, the influence of smoking on disease outcome has only been investigated very recently, and the data are not clear-cut. Smoking has a number of important effects on the immune system and sex hormones that may influence disease pathogenesis. Smoking has also been shown to affect disease outcome in other inflammatory diseases. The major focus of this review is to explore the relationship between smoking and severity of rheumatoid arthritis in detail.

PMID:: 11845011; [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Gonadal Steroid Hormones

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Cited by 2 PubMed Central articles

Smoking is a risk factor for anti-CCP antibodies only in rheumatoid arthritis patients who carry HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles. [Ann Rheum Dis. 2006]
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Linn-Rasker SP, van der Helm-van Mil AH, van Gaalen FA, Kloppenburg M, de Vries RR, le Cessie S, Breedveld FC, Toes RE, Huizinga TW. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Mar; 65(3):366-71. Epub 2005 Jul 13.
Prediction of radiological outcome in early rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: role of antibodies to citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP). [Ann Rheum Dis. 2004]
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