Despite declining thymic output with age, the peripheral naive T cell pool of an adult animal remains remarkably stable. Therefore, a central question in immunology is how the naive T cell pool is maintained. Here we show that the maintenance of the naive CD4, but not CD8, T cell population in the thymectomized adult mouse is dependent on the presence of secondary lymphoid tissues. This finding is explained by the inability of naive CD4 T cells to sustain normal levels of the survival molecule Bcl-2 or to undergo homeostatic proliferation in the absence of secondary lymphoid organs. Thus, naive CD4 T cells must traffic through secondary lymphoid organs to maintain a stable CD4 pool while naive CD8 T cells encounter their survival and proliferation signals outside the organized structures of secondary lymphoid tissues.