Abstract
The DLX homeodomain proteins control development of the basal ganglia and branchial arches. To identify co-factors that regulate DLX function we utilized the yeast two-hybrid assay, and found a DLX interacting protein (DIP2) which binds to the N-terminal region of DLX2 via a PDZ domain. DIP2 appears to be an alternatively spliced form of GRIP1, a protein known to bind AMPA glutamate receptors via PDZ domains. Thus, we named it GRIP1b. We provide evidence that GRIP1b can function as a transcriptional co-activator of DLX2 and DLX5. Glutamate receptors inhibit this co-activation. These results suggest that some PDZ proteins may regulate transcription via their interactions with homeodomain proteins. Furthermore, these results suggest a link between glutamate receptors, PDZ proteins and the DLX transcription factors, all of which are co-expressed in the developing basal ganglia.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
MeSH terms
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Alternative Splicing / physiology
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Animals
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Arabidopsis Proteins*
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Basal Ganglia / embryology*
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Basal Ganglia / physiology*
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Cytoskeletal Proteins
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DNA-Binding Proteins / chemistry
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DNA-Binding Proteins / genetics
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DNA-Binding Proteins / metabolism
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Enhancer Elements, Genetic / physiology
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Fungal Proteins / genetics
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Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental*
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Homeodomain Proteins / chemistry
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Homeodomain Proteins / genetics*
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Homeodomain Proteins / metabolism
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Mice
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Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2
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Protein Structure, Tertiary
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RNA-Binding Proteins
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Receptors, AMPA / genetics
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins*
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Transcription Factors / chemistry
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Transcription Factors / genetics*
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Transcription Factors / metabolism
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Transcriptional Activation / physiology
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Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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Yeasts
Substances
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Arabidopsis Proteins
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Cytoskeletal Proteins
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DIP2 protein, Arabidopsis
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DNA-Binding Proteins
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Distal-less homeobox proteins
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Dlx5 protein, mouse
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Dlx6 protein, mouse
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Fungal Proteins
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GAL4 protein, S cerevisiae
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Homeodomain Proteins
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Ncoa2 protein, mouse
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Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2
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RNA-Binding Proteins
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Receptors, AMPA
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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Tes protein, mouse
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Transcription Factors
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glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 3
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glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 2