Fig. 2. Reptin52 interacts with β-catenin and TBP. (A) In vitro interaction of Reptin52 with β-catenin and TBP demonstrated by affinity precipitation of His₆-β-catenin (lanes 1 and 2) or His₆-TBP (lanes 3–5) by GST–Reptin52. Arrows, precipitated proteins. (B) In vivo association of Reptin52 with β-catenin. Transfected cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with the antibody indicated at the top and revealed on western blots with the antibodies indicated at the bottom. Arrow, precipitated β-catenin; asterisk, antibody heavy chain. (C) Mapping of the binding site of Reptin52 in β-catenin. GST constructs of C-terminal deletions of β-catenin were used for affinity precipitation of MBP–Reptin52, visualized by western blotting with anti-Reptin52 antibodies.

Fig. 4. Reptin52 down-regulates endogenous β-catenin activity in SW480 cells. SW480 cells were transiently transfected with the TOPFLASH or FOPFLASH luciferase reporter constructs alone or together with 4 µg of Reptin52-expressing plasmid. Transfection of an equal amount of empty vector DNA (pCS2⁺) was used as control. Data are presented by normalizing luciferase activity with TOPFLASH alone to 100%.

Fig. 6. dpon and drep loci. (A) Restriction map, localization of the P-element insertion used in jump-start experiments, size of generated lethal deficiencies and the intron/exon structure of the dpon locus. (B) The same data for drep. (C–F) In situ hybridization to whole embryos. Using a dpon RNA probe on dpon^5.1 homozygous embryos revealed loss of dpon zygotic transcription (C), but normal expression of drep (D). Using a drep RNA probe on drep³⁵ homozygous embryos revealed loss of drep zygotic transcription (E), but normal expression of dpon (F).

Fig. 8. Opposite dominant effects of dpon and drep on wing phenotypes caused by altered Arm signalling. (A) Wild-type wing. (B) enGal4-UASCad^intra wing showing defects associated with Cad^intra overexpression in the posterior compartment of the developing wing disc. (C) Removing one copy of arm (arm⁴) strongly enhances enGal4-UASCad^intra wing phenotype. (D) Removing one copy of shaggy (sgg^D127) suppresses the notching phenotype to a nearly wild-type wing. (E) Enhancement of the enGal4-UASCad^intra wing defect by removing one copy of dpon (dpon^5.1). (F) Suppression of the enGal4-UASCad^intra wing defect by removing one copy of drep (drep³⁵). (G) enGal4-UASarm wing showing ectopic bristles caused by Arm overexpression in the posterior compartment of the developing wing. (H) Enhancement of the extra bristle phenotype in enGal4-UASarm animals heterozygous for dpon^5.1. (I) Suppression of the enGal4-UASarm phenotype by removing one dose of drep (drep³⁵).

Fig. 1. Homotypic and heterotypic interactions of Reptin52 and Pontin52 in vitro and in vivo. (A) In vitro association of Reptin52 with Pontin52 demonstrated by affinity precipitation of MBP–Reptin52 with GST–Pontin52 (lane 2). Self-association of Reptin52 and Pontin52 was detected analogously by precipitation with GST–Reptin (lane 4) and GST–Pontin (lane 6). Lanes 1–4, western blot revealed by anti-MBP antibodies; lanes 5 and 6, autoradiography of in vitro translated [³⁵S]Pontin52 (RL-Pontin52). Arrow, precipitated Reptin52 or Pontin52. (B) In vivo association of Reptin52 with Pontin52 (lanes 5 and 8) and self-association of both proteins (lanes 6 and 7). Different combinations of Myc- and FLAG-tagged variants of Reptin52 and Pontin52 were transiently transfected in HEK293 cells. Western blot analysis of cell lysates immunoprecipitated with anti-Myc (lanes 1–7) and anti-FLAG antibodies (lane 8). Arrow, precipitated Myc-Pontin52 or Myc-Reptin52; asterisk, antibody heavy chain.

Fig. 3. Pontin52 and Reptin52 antagonistically control β-catenin–TCF activity. HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with the pS01234 luciferase reporter plasmid together with a combination of expression plasmids as indicated. A reporter plasmid deleted for all TCF-binding sites was used as a control (pS). Data represent the average of five independent transfections each carried out in duplicate. Values are normalized to the pCS2⁺ control including the reporter plasmid and pCS2⁺ as stuffer. (A) Repression by Reptin52. (B) Opposite effects of Pontin52 and Reptin52. Increasing amounts of plasmids expressing either Reptin52, Pontin52 or both Reptin52 and Pontin52 (lanes 1, pCS2⁺ untransfected cells; lanes 2, 0 µg; lanes 3, 0.25 µg; lanes 4, 0.5 µg; lanes 5, 1 µg; lanes 6, 2 µg) were used together with constant amounts of reporter, hTCF4 and β-catenin-expressing plasmids (lanes 2–6). (C) Reptin52 has no effect on LEFΔN–VP16 activity. Reporter plasmids were transfected together with LEFΔN–VP16 (0.5 µg) and increasing amounts of Reptin52 expression plasmids (lane 2, 0 µg; lane 3, 0.25 µg; lane 4, 0.5 µg; lane 5, 1 µg; lane 6, 2 µg).

Fig. 5. Sequence comparisons of orthologous protein pairs Pontin52–dPon and Reptin52–dRep. Identical and similar residues are shaded in black and grey, respectively. The Walker A and Walker B motifs are underlined.

Fig. 7. dpon and drep expression during embryogenesis. (A–D) drep transcript localization in whole embryos. (E–G) Double staining for the 22C10 marker of sensory organ precursor cells and drep RNA. Magnified views shows drep transcription in all chordotonal organs of thoracic and abdominal segments (dch, lch and vch: dorsal, lateral and dorsal chordotonal organs, respectively). (H) dpon RNA localization in an embryo of about the same developmental stage as in (D). The arrow points to expression in the abdominal mesoderm, the single difference noticed between drep and dpon patterns. (I–L) Immunolabelling on serial sections after germ band shortening. Notable accumulation of dPon (K) and dRep (L) proteins is seen in nuclei from visceral endoderm (arrows) but only very little in the central nerve cord (arrowheads), in comparison with strong labels of nerve cord nuclei by anti-Teashirt (I) and of gut endoderm nuclei by anti-Modulo (J) antibodies. (M) Specificity of antibodies against dPon and dRep. Anti-dPon antibodies (top panel) recognize a (duplicated) band of ∼52 kDa in Drosophila embryonic extracts (DE) and react with dPon protein (P) produced in Xenopus embryos but not with dRep (R). Conversely, anti-dRep antibodies (bottom panel) recognize a slightly smaller band in DE and specifically bind dRep protein (R) but not dPon (P).