swi5, egt2, and cts1 mutations enhance pseudohyphal growth. (A) Swi5 regulates expression of the CTS1, EGT2, and ASH1 genes. Isogenic wild-type (MLY61a/α) and swi5Δ/swi5Δ (XPY194a/α), sok2Δ/sok2Δ (XPY80a/α), swi5Δ/swi5Δ sok2Δ/sok2Δ (XPY203a/α), and ash1Δ/ash1Δ (XPY138a/α) mutant strains were grown in YPD medium to an OD600 of 1.0. Cells were washed twice, transferred to liquid SLAD medium, and incubated for 2 h at 30°C. Total RNA was prepared, fractionated by formaldehyde gel electrophoresis, transferred to a nylon membrane, and probed with portions of the EGT2, CTS1, ASH1, and ACT1 genes. (B) Mutations in the SWI5, CTS1, or EGT2 gene enhance pseudohyphal growth in the absence of the FLO11 gene. Isogenic wild-type (MLY61a/α) and swi5Δ/swi5Δ (XPY194a/α), egt2Δ/egt2Δ (XPY205a/α), cts1Δ/cts1Δ (XPY208a/α), flo11Δ/flo11Δ (XPY107a/α), flo11Δ/flo11Δ swi5Δ/swi5Δ (XPY198a/α), flo11Δ/flo11Δ egt2Δ/egt2Δ (XPY206a/α), and flo11Δ/flo11Δ ets1Δ/ets1Δ (XPY209a/α) mutant strains were incubated on SLAD medium at 30°C for 3 days and photographed. (C) Flo11 is required for agar invasion in wild-type, swi5, egt2, and cts1 mutant strains. Representative colonies of the isogenic diploid strains grown on SLAD medium shown in panel B were washed with running water, and invasive cells that remained in the agar were photographed.