Fig. 1. BMP-2 residues substituted in this study. Variant BMP-2 proteins with reduced binding affinity for the type II receptor BMPR-II are indicated by the red colour of the substituted position. Altered binding affinities for the type I receptor BMPR-IA due to either a decreased association rate or an increased dissociation rate constant are indicated by dark and light blue of the respective substituted positions. Green indicates positions determining superagonist activity. Yellow positions indicate no measurable alterations in function of the respective variants. Variants substituted at the positions coloured grey could not be isolated in a purity or in amounts sufficient for functional analysis. The structure-based amino acid sequence alignment of BMP-2, BMP-7, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 as well as the location of secondary structure elements as β-sheets (β1–β9) and α-helix (α3) was adapted from Scheufler et al. (1999). The numbering is according to the BMP-2 sequence.

Fig. 2. Biological activity and inhibitory properties of BMP-2 variants. (A) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured after incubation with 250 nM BMP-2 or BMP-2 variant. The response elicited by each variant was calculated as a percentage of the BMP-2 response. Values represent the mean value (±SD) of four measurements. Variants with red symbols are altered in BMPR-II interaction, as shown in Figure 3. Dark or light blue symbols indicate variants with altered association or dissociation rate constants, respectively, for binding to the BMPR-IA receptor chain. (B) Dose-dependent induction of ALP activity in serum-starved C2C12 cells is shown for BMP-2 (circles, black) and for BMP-2 variants D30K (squares, light blue), P50A (triangles, dark blue) and A34D (diamonds, red). (The background absorption at 405 nm of 0.08 ± 0.02 was not subtracted to indicate the signal-to-noise ratio.) (C) The inhibition of induction of ALP activity was determined in serum-starved C2C12 cells after incubation with 250 nM BMP-2 variant in the presence of 10 (circles) or 20 nM (triangles) BMP-2. The response obtained in the presence of BMP-2 alone is indicated by the dotted line and was taken as 100%. Data points represent the mean ± SD of four measurements. Variants with red symbols are altered in BMPR-II interaction. Light or dark blue symbols indicate variants with altered association or dissociation rate constants, respectively for the binding to the BMPR-IA receptor chain. (D) Inhibition of BMP-2 activity (10 nM BMP-2) by increasing doses of putative antagonistic/partial agonistic BMP-2 variants in serum-starved C2C12 cells. Dose–response curves of the variants A34D (circles), H39D (squares), S88A (upright triangles), L90A (inverted triangles) and L100A (diamonds) in the presence of 10 nM BMP-2 were obtained after incubation of the cells for 3 days and analysis of the induced ALP activity.

Fig. 3. Interaction of BMP-2 variants with type I (BMPR-IA) or type II (BMPR-II, ActR-II) receptor ectodomains. The association (k_on) and dissociation rate constants (k_off) for the interaction of a BMP-2 variant at 15, 30 and 45 nM with immobilized BMPR-IA receptor ectodomain were evaluated. Equilibrium binding (EQ₄₅) to the immobilized BMPR-II or ActR-II receptor ectodomain was measured at 45 nM variant. All values were normalized by taking the k_off, k_on and EQ₄₅ values of BMP-2 as unity. (A) Equilibrium binding at increasing concentrations of BMP-2 to the type I receptors BMPR-IA (circles, light blue) and BMPR-IB (upright triangles, dark blue) as well as to the type II receptors ActR-II (diamonds, magenta) and BMPR-II (inverted triangles, red). (B) Binding affinity of BMP-2 variants for type II receptors BMPR-II or ActR-II. Equilibrium binding during biosensor analysis of 45 nM variant (EQ₄₅) to BMPR-II is plotted versus the binding to ActR-II. (C) Plot of the association rate constants (k_on) versus the dissociation rate constants (k_off) for the interaction of BMP-2 variants with the BMPR-IA receptor. Variants specifically altered in their k_on rates are indicated by dark blue symbols, and those with specifically altered k_off by light blue symbols. (D) Plot of the association rate constant (k_on) for BMPR-IA binding versus the equilibrium binding (EQ₄₅) to BMPR-II of the same set of variants as in (C). Because both the association rate constant and equilibrium binding are dependent on the concentration of the BMP-2 variant, specific (and concentration-independent) alterations become apparent. (see for example K101E and Y103A for correlation of k_off and EQ₄₅). Variants with a specific decrease in equilibrium binding are marked in red.

Fig. 4. Residues determining type I (wrist epitope) or type II receptor binding (knuckle epitope) are indicated on the space-filling model of BMP-2. Residues coloured red determine BMPR-II ectodomain binding. Substitutions of residues coloured blue result in altered BMPR-IA receptor binding either by increasing the dissociation rate constant k_off (light blue) or by decreasing the association rate constant k_on (dark blue). Residues coloured green determine enhanced receptor binding. In the space-filling model, the 2-fold axis of BMP-2 runs in the plane of the figure. The residues of one of the two monomers are indicated by bold italic letters. The residues of the other monomer are coloured with a darker hue. The small ribbon model presents a view of BMP-2 along the 2-fold axis and shows the location of the wrist and knuckle epitopes.