Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To develop and assess the reliability of a group of cervical nonorganic physical signs to be used as a simple screening tool for identifying patients with low neck pain who exhibit abnormal illness behavior.

DESIGN:

Survey, consecutive sample. DATA SET: Double masked.

SETTING:

Functional restoration program.

PATIENTS:

Twenty-six consecutive patients with complaints of chronic neck pain (greater than 4 months duration). Each patient was evaluated by a physician and then again by either a physical or occupational therapist, for the presence of specific cervical nonorganic signs. Both of the evaluations occurred on the same day.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

Five categories consisting of eight tests were appraised: (1) tenderness, (2) simulation, (3) range of motion, (4) regional disturbance, and (5) overreaction.

RESULTS:

The percent agreement between raters ranged from a high of 100% for regional sensory disturbance, to a low of 68% for one of the simulation tests. The average agreement between raters across all of the nonorganic test signs was 84.6%. Likewise, kappa coefficients ranged from 1.00 to .16, reflecting differences in strength of agreement.

CONCLUSION:

For many years, the lumbar nonorganic signs (developed by Waddell and colleagues) have been a useful screening tool in the assessment of abnormal illness behavior in the low back pain population. For the first time, a group of cervical nonorganic signs have been developed, standardized, and proven reliable.