Trends Neurosci. 1999 Oct;22(10):429-31.

'Psychosurgery' in renaissance art.

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Dept of Psychology, Princeton University, NJ 08540, USA.

Abstract

Hieronymus Bosch and other early Renaissance artists depicted 'stone operations' in which stones were supposedly surgically removed from the head as a treatment for mental illness. These works have usually been interpreted either as portraying a contemporary practice of medical charlatans or as an allegory of human folly, rather than a real event. As trepanation for head injury and mental disease was actually carried out in Europe at this time, another interpretation of these works is that they are derived from a common medical practice of the day.

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