Because of its ability to produce two clinically distinct disease entities (chickenpox and shingles), varicella zoster virus (VZV) is an unusual etiologic agent. Although in the past viral exanthems were mostly only of academic interest to the practitioner, the development of antiviral agents and the newly approved varicella (OKA) vaccine have increased the clinical significance. Also, with the increasing seroprevalence of HIV infection, more patients will be stricken with zoster (at a younger age) and disseminated varicella. In this review, the history, incidence, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment options (of VZV infection and postherpetic neuralgia) will be discussed.