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1: Gen Dent. 1999 Jan-Feb;47(1):50-5.Links

Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES): a safe and effective low cost means of anxiety control in a dental practice.

Winick RL.

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A double-blind placebo-controlled study was performed on 33 randomly selected dental patients to evaluate whether cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is a viable procedure for reducing anxiety during routine dental procedures. The active CES treatment group was significantly less anxious than the placebo group at the conclusion of various dental procedures.

PMID: 10321152 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]