This study was performed to establish which factors related to the hot application of bitumen products are relevant to worker exposure to benzene-soluble matter (as part of the total fume emission) and to the polycyclic aromatic compound (PAH) content of bitumen fume. Because personal exposure measurements in field surveys can be influenced by many uncontrollable variables, a simple laboratory rig was developed in which bitumen fumes can be generated reproducibly under well-controlled conditions. Laboratory results were related to personal exposure measurements during asphalt paving and roofing. A quantitative relationship for predicting the laboratory fume emission was derived, with bitumen volatility and temperature the only variables. The variable part of the equation is termed the fuming index (FI). The FI correlates well with measured personal exposures in asphalt paving and in roofing and can be used to predict average personal exposures during these activities if bitumen volatility, application temperature, and for paving, the asphalt type, are known. The laboratory fumes, generated at a standard temperature of 160 degrees C, are representative for fumes emitted in the temperature range relevant for asphalt paving, those generated at 250 degrees C for roofing. The PAH profiles of the fumes collected as personal samples during asphalt paving and roofing operations were similar to those of the fumes generated in the laboratory from the same bitumen and at the same temperature. Because it produces conditions representative of actual bitumen operations, this laboratory set-up is an excellent tool for assessing bitumens in terms of fuming tendency and PAH emissions/exposures.