Human Genome Overview
Information concerning the continuing improvement of the human genome.
The GRC is working hard to provide the best possible reference assembly for human. We do this by both generating multiple representations (alternate loci) for regions that are too complex to be represented by a single path. Additionally, we are releasing regional fixes known as patches. This allows users who are interested in a specific locus to get an improved representation without affecting users who need chromosome coordinate stability.
Getting Data
- GRCh37 (Latest Major Release): FTP
- GRCh37 patch release 8 (Latest Minor Release): FTP
- Information on regions under review: FTP
We are planning to update the human reference assembly to GRCh38 in the summer of 2013. If you have questions or
concerns about this let us know.
See our blog for more information on why we think this is important.
See our blog for more information on why we think this is important.
Next assembly update
The next assembly update (patch release 9) will be a minor update (only patches) and will happen in Jul 2012
GRCh37 Patch Release 8 (GRCh37.p8)
- Release date: Apr 12, 2012
- Release type: minor
- Release notes: In this release 10 patches were added, 9 were of type FIX, 1 was of type NOVEL. One previously released patch was updated. There were 36 issues resolved in this release.
- Assembly accession: GCA_000001405.9
| NAME | Chr | Start | Stop |
|---|---|---|---|
| PAR | Y | 10001 | 2649520 |
| PAR | X | 154931044 | 155260560 |
| PAR | X | 60001 | 2699520 |
| PAR | Y | 59034050 | 59363566 |
| Sequence IDs | Assembly Unit | Region Name | Chr | Start | Stop | Patch Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GL000250.1 | NT_167244.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_1 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000251.1 | NT_113891.2 | ALT_REF_LOCI_2 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000252.1 | NT_167245.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_3 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000253.1 | NT_167246.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_4 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000254.1 | NT_167247.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_5 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000255.1 | NT_167248.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_6 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000256.1 | NT_167249.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_7 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000257.1 | NT_167250.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_8 | UGT2B17 | 4 | 69170077 | 69878175 | na |
| GL000258.1 | NT_167251.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_9 | MAPT | 17 | 43384864 | 44913631 | na |
| GL339449.2 | NW_003315917.2 | PATCHES | SMA | 5 | 68512646 | 70910270 | novel |
| GL339450.1 | NW_003315925.1 | PATCHES | ABO | 9 | 136049442 | 136369192 | fix |
| GL383516.1 | NW_003315903.1 | PATCHES | REGION1 | 1 | 248865779 | 249098883 | fix |
| GL383517.1 | NW_003315904.1 | PATCHES | REGION1 | 1 | 248865779 | 249098883 | fix |
| GL383518.1 | NW_003315905.1 | PATCHES | REGION2 | 1 | 153673007 | 153838214 | novel |
| GL383519.1 | NW_003315906.1 | PATCHES | MTX1 | 1 | 155180173 | 155275036 | novel |
| GL383520.1 | NW_003315907.1 | PATCHES | REGION3 | 1 | 198339213 | 198694304 | novel |
| GL383521.1 | NW_003315908.1 | PATCHES | REGION4 | 2 | 36453102 | 36590458 | novel |
| GL383522.1 | NW_003315909.1 | PATCHES | SPC25 | 2 | 169686873 | 169793704 | novel |
| GL383523.1 | NW_003315910.1 | PATCHES | VPRBP | 3 | 51416109 | 51584055 | fix |
| GL383524.1 | NW_003315911.1 | PATCHES | DNAH12 | 3 | 57369478 | 57399969 | fix |
| GL383525.1 | NW_003315912.1 | PATCHES | SLC25A26 | 3 | 66270271 | 66308065 | fix |
| GL383526.1 | NW_003315913.1 | PATCHES | REGION5 | 3 | 151307154 | 151477286 | novel |
| GL383527.1 | NW_003315914.1 | PATCHES | REGION7 | 4 | 156756530 | 156908416 | novel |
| GL383528.1 | NW_003315915.1 | PATCHES | REGION6 | 4 | 34519577 | 34885480 | novel |
| GL383529.1 | NW_003315916.1 | PATCHES | LPHN3 | 4 | 62777687 | 62877254 | novel |
| GL383530.1 | NW_003315918.1 | PATCHES | MCTP1 | 5 | 94505561 | 94590195 | novel |
| GL383531.1 | NW_003315919.1 | PATCHES | REGION8 | 5 | 161800673 | 161968654 | novel |
| GL383532.1 | NW_003315920.1 | PATCHES | REGION9 | 5 | 12681538 | 12744122 | novel |
| GL383533.1 | NW_003315921.1 | PATCHES | REGION10 | 6 | 80059725 | 80156628 | novel |
| GL383534.2 | PATCHES | REGION11 | 7 | 141333209 | 141446383 | novel |
| GL383535.1 | NW_003315923.1 | PATCHES | EPPK1_SPATC1 | 8 | 144743526 | 145146062 | fix |
| GL383536.1 | NW_003315924.1 | PATCHES | SCXB | 8 | 145285645 | 145659901 | fix |
| GL383537.1 | NW_003315926.1 | PATCHES | REGION12 | 9 | 139136890 | 139252828 | fix |
| GL383538.1 | NW_003315927.1 | PATCHES | REGION12 | 9 | 139136890 | 139252828 | fix |
| GL383539.1 | NW_003315928.1 | PATCHES | REGION14 | 9 | 7428994 | 7577169 | novel |
| GL383540.1 | NW_003315929.1 | PATCHES | REGION13 | 9 | 72028659 | 72092013 | novel |
| GL383541.1 | NW_003315930.1 | PATCHES | MAMDC2 | 9 | 72639029 | 72804234 | novel |
| GL383542.1 | NW_003315931.1 | PATCHES | REGION15 | 9 | 90793962 | 90842895 | novel |
| GL383543.1 | NW_003315932.1 | PATCHES | FAM23A_MRC1 | 10 | 17613209 | 18252930 | fix |
| GL383544.1 | NW_003315933.1 | PATCHES | REGION17 | 10 | 133258319 | 133381404 | fix |
| GL383545.1 | NW_003315934.1 | PATCHES | REGION16 | 10 | 27574584 | 27706537 | novel |
| GL383546.1 | NW_003315935.1 | PATCHES | REGION18 | 10 | 45670681 | 45964419 | novel |
| GL383547.1 | NW_003315936.1 | PATCHES | REGION19 | 11 | 25191953 | 25340626 | novel |
| GL383548.1 | NW_003315937.1 | PATCHES | GALNT9 | 12 | 132806993 | 132967794 | fix |
| GL383549.1 | NW_003315938.1 | PATCHES | REGION21 | 12 | 28148967 | 28263711 | novel |
| GL383550.1 | NW_003315939.1 | PATCHES | REGION22 | 12 | 58326520 | 58486538 | novel |
| GL383551.1 | NW_003315940.1 | PATCHES | REGION20 | 12 | 126711744 | 126890020 | novel |
| GL383552.1 | NW_003315941.1 | PATCHES | REGION23 | 12 | 59323046 | 59454651 | novel |
| GL383553.2 | PATCHES | REGION24 | 12 | 101505377 | 101652073 | novel |
| GL383554.1 | NW_003315943.1 | PATCHES | REGION25 | 15 | 28557187 | 28842093 | novel |
| GL383555.1 | NW_003315944.1 | PATCHES | MEGF11 | 15 | 66200521 | 66577156 | novel |
| GL383556.1 | NW_003315945.1 | PATCHES | REGION26 | 16 | 55822434 | 56002460 | novel |
| GL383557.1 | NW_003315946.1 | PATCHES | SNTB2 | 16 | 69174054 | 69258593 | novel |
| GL383558.1 | NW_003315947.1 | PATCHES | PECAM1 | 17 | 62273514 | 62649312 | fix |
| GL383559.1 | NW_003315948.1 | PATCHES | SOCS7 | 17 | 36372617 | 36711255 | fix |
| GL383560.1 | NW_003315949.1 | PATCHES | MYO19 | 17 | 34442621 | 35005379 | fix |
| GL383561.1 | NW_003315950.1 | PATCHES | REGION27 | 17 | 21250948 | 21566608 | fix |
| GL383562.1 | NW_003315951.1 | PATCHES | FAM101B | 17 | 252429 | 296626 | fix |
| GL383563.1 | NW_003315952.1 | PATCHES | RPH3AL | 17 | 1 | 252428 | novel |
| GL383564.1 | NW_003315953.1 | PATCHES | KRTAP_REGION_1 | 17 | 39006985 | 39589187 | novel |
| GL383565.1 | NW_003315954.1 | PATCHES | REGION28 | 17 | 68302419 | 68520360 | novel |
| GL383566.1 | NW_003315955.1 | PATCHES | REGION30 | 17 | 75216812 | 75295408 | novel |
| GL383567.1 | NW_003315956.1 | PATCHES | REGION31 | 18 | 47818564 | 48101162 | novel |
| GL383568.1 | NW_003315957.1 | PATCHES | REGION34 | 18 | 70600357 | 70692016 | novel |
| GL383569.1 | NW_003315958.1 | PATCHES | REGION35 | 18 | 76253467 | 76412030 | novel |
| GL383570.1 | NW_003315959.1 | PATCHES | REGION32 | 18 | 49189306 | 49348012 | novel |
| GL383571.1 | NW_003315960.1 | PATCHES | REGION33 | 18 | 65090960 | 65219788 | novel |
| GL383572.1 | NW_003315961.1 | PATCHES | REGION36 | 18 | 76694886 | 76848997 | novel |
| GL383573.1 | NW_003315962.1 | PATCHES | ZNF66 | 19 | 20845947 | 21225187 | novel |
| GL383574.1 | NW_003315963.1 | PATCHES | REGION38 | 19 | 34643165 | 34791855 | novel |
| GL383575.2 | PATCHES | REGION37 | 19 | 21831092 | 21991834 | novel |
| GL383576.1 | NW_003315965.1 | PATCHES | REGION39 | 19 | 22303652 | 22483468 | novel |
| GL383577.1 | NW_003315966.1 | PATCHES | REGION40 | 20 | 17751747 | 17874115 | novel |
| GL383578.1 | NW_003315967.1 | PATCHES | REGION41 | 21 | 15796462 | 15847792 | novel |
| GL383579.1 | NW_003315968.1 | PATCHES | REGION42 | 21 | 23474793 | 23669288 | novel |
| GL383580.1 | NW_003315969.1 | PATCHES | REGION43 | 21 | 34141390 | 34210247 | novel |
| GL383581.1 | NW_003315970.1 | PATCHES | TMEM50B | 21 | 34777735 | 34884866 | novel |
| GL383582.1 | NW_003315971.1 | PATCHES | CYP2D6 | 22 | 42477964 | 42648568 | novel |
| GL383583.1 | NW_003315972.1 | PATCHES | APOBEC | 22 | 39280299 | 39407165 | novel |
| GL582966.1 | NW_003571033.1 | PATCHES | REGION44 | 2 | 149790583 | 149880633 | novel |
| GL582967.1 | NW_003571035.1 | PATCHES | REGION45 | 4 | 75382210 | 75689879 | fix |
| GL582968.1 | NW_003571037.1 | PATCHES | SH2B2 | 7 | 101718951 | 102072447 | fix |
| GL582969.1 | NW_003571038.1 | PATCHES | REGION46 | 7 | 57342227 | 57586048 | fix |
| GL582970.1 | NW_003571039.1 | PATCHES | REGION48 | 7 | 56835596 | 57190579 | fix |
| GL582971.1 | NW_003571040.1 | PATCHES | TRB | 7 | 141557850 | 142778624 | fix |
| GL582972.1 | NW_003571041.1 | PATCHES | REGION47 | 7 | 98260131 | 98556215 | fix |
| GL582973.1 | NW_003571045.1 | PATCHES | REGION49 | 11 | 49862648 | 50121284 | fix |
| GL582974.1 | NW_003571048.1 | PATCHES | REGION50 | 12 | 60001 | 282464 | fix |
| GL582975.1 | NW_003571051.1 | PATCHES | REGION51 | 13 | 115085142 | 115109878 | fix |
| GL582976.1 | NW_003571052.1 | PATCHES | TTC25 | 17 | 39869611 | 40277911 | fix |
| GL582977.1 | NW_003571053.1 | PATCHES | REGION52 | 19 | 20193557 | 20845946 | fix |
| GL582978.1 | NW_003571062.1 | PATCHES | REGION53 | 20 | 61031539 | 61267733 | fix |
| GL582979.1 | NW_003571063.1 | PATCHES | REGION53 | 20 | 61031539 | 61267733 | fix |
| GL877870.2 | NW_003571031.1 | PATCHES | REGION54 | 2 | 243059660 | 243189373 | fix |
| GL877871.1 | NW_003571032.1 | PATCHES | REGION55 | 2 | 95326172 | 95618108 | fix |
| GL877872.1 | NW_003571034.1 | PATCHES | REGION56 | 4 | 190828226 | 191044276 | fix |
| GL877873.1 | NW_003571043.1 | PATCHES | REGION57 | 10 | 60001 | 224405 | fix |
| GL877875.1 | NW_003571049.1 | PATCHES | REGION50 | 12 | 60001 | 282464 | novel |
| GL877876.1 | NW_003571050.1 | PATCHES | REGION58 | 12 | 10953894 | 11330216 | novel |
| GL877877.1 | NW_003571064.1 | PATCHES | REGION59 | X | 803878 | 1227822 | fix |
| GL949741.1 | NW_003571030.1 | PATCHES | REGION60 | 1 | 31872759 | 32017063 | fix |
| GL949742.1 | NW_003571036.1 | PATCHES | REGION61 | 5 | 29036605 | 29254576 | novel |
| GL949743.1 | NW_003571042.1 | PATCHES | REGION62 | 8 | 1965390 | 2498608 | fix |
| GL949744.1 | NW_003571046.1 | PATCHES | REGION63 | 11 | 69614786 | 69922571 | fix |
| GL949745.1 | NW_003571047.1 | PATCHES | REGION58 | 12 | 10953894 | 11330216 | novel |
| GL949746.1 | NW_003571054.1 | PATCHES | LRC | 19 | 54528888 | 55595686 | novel |
| GL949747.1 | NW_003571055.1 | PATCHES | LRC | 19 | 54528888 | 55595686 | novel |
| GL949748.1 | NW_003571056.1 | PATCHES | LRC | 19 | 54528888 | 55595686 | novel |
| GL949749.1 | NW_003571057.1 | PATCHES | LRC | 19 | 54528888 | 55595686 | novel |
| GL949750.1 | NW_003571058.1 | PATCHES | LRC | 19 | 54528888 | 55595686 | novel |
| GL949751.1 | NW_003571059.1 | PATCHES | LRC | 19 | 54528888 | 55595686 | novel |
| GL949752.1 | NW_003571060.1 | PATCHES | LRC | 19 | 54528888 | 55595686 | novel |
| GL949753.1 | NW_003571061.1 | PATCHES | LRC | 19 | 54528888 | 55595686 | novel |
| JH159131.1 | PATCHES | REGION64 | 3 | 60558332 | 60952039 | fix |
| JH159132.1 | PATCHES | SEMA3B | 3 | 50267585 | 50368277 | fix |
| JH159133.1 | PATCHES | PPIP5K2 | 5 | 102420838 | 102687150 | fix |
| JH159134.1 | PATCHES | WILLIAMS | 7 | 71935722 | 75921852 | fix |
| JH159135.1 | PATCHES | JRK | 8 | 143711229 | 143813536 | fix |
| JH159136.1 | PATCHES | OLFACTORY_REGION_1 | 11 | 55956728 | 56641043 | novel |
| JH159137.1 | PATCHES | OLFACTORY_REGION_1 | 11 | 55956728 | 56641043 | novel |
| JH159138.1 | PATCHES | SLC37A4 | 11 | 118849111 | 118957986 | fix |
| JH159139.1 | PATCHES | MMP12 | 11 | 102702497 | 102822936 | fix |
| JH159140.1 | PATCHES | NCAM1 | 11 | 112687997 | 113234431 | fix |
| JH159141.2 | PATCHES | CWC15_SRSF8 | 11 | 94611846 | 94852618 | fix |
| JH159142.2 | PATCHES | DIXDC1_ALG9 | 11 | 111618733 | 111945380 | fix |
| JH159143.1 | PATCHES | B3GNT6 | 11 | 76709408 | 76900812 | fix |
| JH159144.1 | PATCHES | REGION65 | 17 | 65936106 | 66324470 | fix |
| JH159145.1 | PATCHES | SLC46A1 | 17 | 26645159 | 26840019 | fix |
| JH159146.1 | PATCHES | KRTAP_REGION_1 | 17 | 39006985 | 39589187 | novel |
| JH159147.1 | PATCHES | KRTAP_REGION_1 | 17 | 39006985 | 39589187 | novel |
| JH159148.1 | PATCHES | KRTAP_REGION_1 | 17 | 39006985 | 39589187 | novel |
| JH159149.1 | PATCHES | REGION66 | 19 | 8634915 | 8926179 | fix |
| JH159150.1 | PATCHES | REGION67 | X | 152828210 | 152898056 | fix |
| JH591181.2 | PATCHES | 10Q11 | 10 | 46224334 | 51664310 | fix |
| JH591182.1 | PATCHES | PNLIPRP2 | 10 | 118348517 | 118544777 | fix |
| JH591183.1 | PATCHES | ZNF518A | 10 | 97861451 | 98039369 | fix |
| JH591184.1 | PATCHES | SPON1 | 11 | 13963464 | 14425744 | fix |
| JH591185.1 | PATCHES | CALCA | 11 | 14873971 | 15041407 | fix |
| JH591186.1 | PATCHES | REGION69 | 17 | 77412077 | 77766016 | fix |
| JH636052.1 | PATCHES | 1Q21 | 1 | 143871003 | 150440213 | fix |
| JH636053.1 | PATCHES | 1P11 | 1 | 120471050 | 121346350 | fix |
| JH636054.1 | PATCHES | 1Q32 | 1 | 206072708 | 206940869 | fix |
| JH636055.1 | PATCHES | REGION73 | 3 | 11856742 | 12027971 | novel |
| JH636056.1 | PATCHES | LAMA4 | 6 | 112323682 | 112586593 | fix |
| JH636057.1 | PATCHES | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | fix |
| JH636058.1 | PATCHES | COPG2 | 7 | 129984424 | 130721755 | fix |
| JH636059.1 | PATCHES | CBWD3 | 9 | 70835469 | 71130847 | fix |
| JH636060.1 | PATCHES | AKR1CL1 | 10 | 5012527 | 5450243 | fix |
| JH636061.1 | PATCHES | BAHCC1 | 17 | 79319163 | 79498447 | fix |
GRCh37
- Release date: Mar 3, 2009
- Release type: major
- Release notes: This was the first major release of the human reference assembly made by the GRC. This release affected chromosome coordinates, placed alternate loci into a chromosome context and the GRC resolved 255 issues.
- Assembly accessions:GCA_000001405.1/GCF_000001405.13
| NAME | Chr | Start | Stop |
|---|---|---|---|
| PAR | Y | 10001 | 2649520 |
| PAR | X | 154931044 | 155260560 |
| PAR | X | 60001 | 2699520 |
| PAR | Y | 59034050 | 59363566 |
| Sequence IDs | Assembly Unit | Region Name | Chr | Start | Stop | Patch Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GL000250.1 | NT_167244.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_1 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000251.1 | NT_113891.2 | ALT_REF_LOCI_2 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000252.1 | NT_167245.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_3 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000253.1 | NT_167246.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_4 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000254.1 | NT_167247.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_5 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000255.1 | NT_167248.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_6 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000256.1 | NT_167249.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_7 | MHC | 6 | 28477797 | 33448354 | na |
| GL000257.1 | NT_167250.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_8 | UGT2B17 | 4 | 69170077 | 69878175 | na |
| GL000258.1 | NT_167251.1 | ALT_REF_LOCI_9 | MAPT | 17 | 43384864 | 44913631 | na |
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Recently Resolved Human Issues