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* Average values or mid-range estimates are given. The ranges within individual genomes show large variations 12, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26. Compared with many nuclear genomes, particularly those of metazoa and plants, the P. falciparum genome has a high meiotic recombination activity per physical length of DNA. This Table compares the P. falciparum data with those of other well-studied eukaryotes. P. falciparum chromosomes show a relatively uniform distribution of meiotic crossover activity over the entire nuclear genome, at least at the current resolution of the HB3XDd2 cross. By contrast, other well-studied eukaryotes generally show considerable local and regional variations of chromosome crossover activity, which may vary dramatically from their genome average. These variations reflect recombination hotspots and coldspots, proximity to centromeres and telomeres, interference effects, genes that control recombination mechanisms, and sex-specific differences [12, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26]. The fungal systems Saccharomyces cerevisiae [9] and Neurospora crassa [10] show high crossover frequencies comparable to those of P. falciparum. Less extensive data suggest that Tetrahymena thermophila[4] and Dictyostelium discoideum [3] also have high meiotic recombination activities, whereas Toxoplasma gondii [2](which is an apicomplexan parasite like P. falciparum) may have frequencies an order of magnitude lower. For P. falciparum, it has not yet been feasible to observe condensed meiotic chromatids cytologically. Only pre-diplotene stages have been reported from electron microscopic descriptions of zygotes and post-zygotic stages [6, 7, 8]. Other meiotic processes are inferred from the genetic segregation data [1], including both reciprocal crossover and non-reciprocal gene conversion events [1], as established for other eukaryotes [5]. References: 1. Su, XZ., Ferdig M.T., Huang, Y., Huynh C.Q., Liu, A., You, J., Wootton, J.C. & Wellems, T.E. A Genetic Map and Recombination Parameters of the Human Malaria Parasite P. falciparum. Science (1999) [In Press] 2. Sibley, L.D., LeBlanc, A.J., Pfefferkorn, E.R. & Boothroyd, J.C. Generation of a restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map for Toxoplasma gondii. Genetics 132, 1003-1015 (1992).PubMed 3. Francis, D. High frequency recombination during the sexual cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum. Genetics 148, 1829-1832 (1998).PubMed 4. Lynch, T.J., Brickner, J., Nakano, K.J. & Orias, E. Genetic map of randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms closely linked to the mating type locus of Tetrahymena thermophila. Genetics 141, 1315-1325 (1995). PubMed 5. Hastings, P.J. Mechanism and control of recombination in fungi. Mutat.Res. 284, 97-110 (1992). PubMed 6. Sinden, R.E. & Hartley, R.H. Identification of the meiotic division of malarial parasites. J.Protozool. 32, 742-744 (1985). PubMed 7. Sinden, R.E., Hartley, R.H. & Winger, L. The development of Plasmodium ookinetes in vitro: an ultrastructural study including a description of meiotic division. Parasitology 91, 227-244 (1985). PubMed 8. Sinden, R.E. & Strong, K. An ultrastructural study of the sporogonic development of Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles gambiae. Trans.R.Soc.Trop.Med.Hyg. 72, 477-491 (1978). PubMed 9. King, J.S. & Mortimer, R.K. A polymerization model of chiasma interference and corresponding computer simulation. Genetics 126, 1127-1138 (1990).PubMed 10. Radford, A. & Parish, J.H. The genome and genes of Neurospora crassa. Fungal.Genet.Biol. 21, 258-266 (1997).PubMed 11. Tzeng, T.H., Lyngholm, L.K., Ford, C.F. & Bronson, C.R. A restriction fragment length polymorphism map and electrophoretic karyotype of the fungal maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Genetics 130, 81-96 (1992).PubMed 12. Barnes, T.M., Kohara, Y., Coulson, A. & Hekimi, S. Meiotic recombination, noncoding DNA and genomic organization in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 141, 159-179 (1995).PubMed 13. von Wettstein, D., Rasmussen, S.W. & Holm, P.B. The synaptonemal complex in genetic segregation. Annu.Rev.Genet. 18, 331-413 (1984). PubMed 14. Hunt, G.J. & Page, R.E.J. Linkage map of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, based on RAPD markers. Genetics 139, 1371-1382 (1995). PubMed 15. Yasukochi, Y. A dense genetic map of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, covering all chromosomes based on 1018 molecular markers. Genetics 150, 1513-1525 (1998). PubMed 16. Knapik, E.W. et al. A microsatellite genetic linkage map for zebrafish (Danio rerio). Nat.Genet. 18, 338-343 (1998). PubMed 17. Dietrich, W.F. et al. Mapping the mouse genome: current status and future prospects. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 92, 10849-10853 (1995). PubMed 18. Morton, N.E. Parameters of the human genome. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 88, 7474-7476 (1991). PubMed 19. Chang, C., Bowman, J.L., DeJohn, A.W., Lander, E.S. & Meyerowitz, E.M. Restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map for Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 85, 6856-6860 (1988). PubMed 20. Harushima, Y. et al. A high-density rice genetic linkage map with 2275 markers using a single F2 population. Genetics 148, 479-494 (1998). PubMed 21. Tanksley, S.D. et al. High density molecular linkage maps of the tomato and potato genomes. Genetics 132, 1141-1160 (1992). PubMed 22. Burr, B. & Burr, F.A. Recombinant inbreds for molecular mapping in maize: theoretical and practical considerations. Trends.Genet. 7, 55-60 (1991). PubMed 23. Catcheside, D.G. Regulation of genetic recombination in Neurospora crassa. In The eukaryote chromosome (eds Peacock, W.J. & Brock, R.D.) 301-312 (Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1975). PubMed 24. Catcheside, D.E.A. Genes in Neurospora that suppress recombination when they are heterozygous. Genetics 98, 55-76 (1981). PubMed 25. Storlazzi, A., Xu, L., Schwacha, A. & Kleckner, N. Synaptonemal complex (SC) component Zip1 plays a role in meiotic recombination independent of SC polymerization along the chromosomes. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 93, 9043-9048 (1996). PubMed 26. Lichten, M. & Goldman, A.S. Meiotic recombination hotspots. Annu.Rev.Genet. 29, 423-444 (1995). PubMed Last updated: Oct 7, 1999 |