PMC

Malnourished mice (MNC), well-nourished mice (WNC), malnourished mice replete with a balanced conventional diet (BD) or BD supplemented with orally or nasally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (BD+LrO and BD+LrN respectively) and then challenged with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β); Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); Interferon gamma (INF-γ); colony-stimulating factor (CSF); C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL-12).

Malnourished mice were replete for 7 days with a balanced conventional diet (BD) or BD supplemented with orally or nasally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (BD+LrO and BD+LrN respectively) and then challenged with 10⁵ cells of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Malnourished (MNC) and well-nourished (WNC) mice were used as controls. Levels of BAL and serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 were determined before (basal) and after pneumococcal infection (hours 12 and 48). Values are means for six mice per group with standard deviations represented by verticals bars. Different letters indicate significant differences at the same time point (p<0.05) considering a<b<c.

Malnourished mice were replete for 7 days with a balanced conventional diet (BD) or BD supplemented with orally or nasally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (BD+LrO and BD+LrN respectively) and then challenged with 10⁵ cells of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Malnourished (MNC) and well-nourished (WNC) mice were used as controls. Levels of mRNA of bone marrow GM-CSM, GM-CSF, CXCL12, GM-CSF, IL-1 and SCF were determined before (basal) and after pneumococcal infection (hours 12 and 48). Values are means for six mice per group with standard deviations represented by verticals bars. Different letters indicate significant differences at the same time point (p<0.05) considering a<b<c.

Malnourished mice were replete for 7 days with a balanced conventional diet (BD) or BD supplemented with orally or nasally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (BD+LrO and BD+LrN respectively) and then challenged with 10⁵ cells of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Malnourished (MNC) and well-nourished (WNC) mice were used as controls. Blood neutrophils, CD34⁺ cells, Gr1⁺ cells, Gr1^high cells and Gr1^low/int cells numbers and the score of blood neutrophils myeloperoxidase were determined before (basal) and after pneumococcal infection (day 2). Values are means for six mice per group with standard deviations represented by verticals bars. Different letters indicate significant differences at the same time point (p<0.05) considering a<b<c.

Malnourished mice were replete for 7 days with a balanced conventional diet (BD) or BD supplemented with orally or nasally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (BD+LrO and BD+LrN respectively) and then challenged with 10⁵ cells of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Malnourished (MNC) and well-nourished (WNC) mice were used as controls. Bone marrow blast cells and the expression of CD34 and Gr1 markers in those cells were determined before (basal) and after pneumococcal infection (day 2). Values are means for six mice per group with standard deviations represented by verticals bars. Different letters indicate significant differences at the same time point (p<0.05) considering a<b<c.

Malnourished mice were replete for 7 days with a balanced conventional diet (BD) or BD supplemented with orally or nasally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (BD+LrO and BD+LrN respectively) and then challenged with 10⁵ cells of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Malnourished (MNC) and well-nourished (WNC) mice were used as controls. Bone marrow myeloid cells, mitotic pool, post-mitotic pool, Gr1⁺ cells, Gr1^high cells and Gr1^low/int cells numbers and the score of bone marrow cells myeloperoxidase were determined before (basal) and after pneumococcal infection (day 2). Values are means for six mice per group with standard deviations represented by verticals bars. Different letters indicate significant differences at the same time point (p<0.05) considering a<b<c.

Malnourished mice were replete for 7 days with a balanced conventional diet (BD) or BD supplemented with orally or nasally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (BD+LrO and BD+LrN respectively) and then challenged with 10⁵ cells of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Malnourished (MNC) and well-nourished (WNC) mice were used as controls. Leukocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, CD45⁺Gr1^-AF⁺ cells and CD45⁺Gr1⁺ cells numbers and the percentage of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) positive cells were determined after pneumococcal infection (day 2). Values are means for six mice per group with standard deviations represented by verticals bars. Different letters indicate significant differences at the same time point (p<0.05) considering a<b<c.