PMC

VM-M3/Fluc tumour fragments were implanted as described in . Post-imaging, brains were fixed and stained with H & E as described in the Materials and methods section. Images are shown at 50× (T, tumour; H, hippocampus). At least three samples were examined per group.

VM-M3/Fluc tumour fragments were implanted as described in . Histological analysis (H&E) was used to validate the presence of tumour cells under AL (top panels) and CR (bottom panels) in cerebral cortex (200×), hippocampus (100×), cerebellum (100×) and brain stem (200×). Arrows indicate the presence of tumour cells. At least three samples were examined per group.

VM-M3/Fluc tumour fragments were implanted as described in . Each hemisphere was imaged for bioluminescence ex vivo as described in the Materials and methods section. The bioluminescence from each hemisphere was added together to obtain a total bioluminescence value (photons/s) for each brain. Data for the contralateral hemisphere was then expressed as the percentage of the total brain photons/s. Values represent the means±S.E.M. for 9–10 mice per group. Representative bioluminescence images are shown. The * indicates that the CR values differ significantly from the AL control group at P<0.05 using the two-tailed Student's t test.

Blood vessels were stained with the Factor VIII antibody as described in the Materials and methods section. Blood vessels were counted in three independent areas under high magnification and averaged for a single value per sample. Values represent the means±S.E.M. for three independent samples per group. The * indicates that the values for the CR group differ from those of the AL control group at a P<0.05 using the two-tailed Student's t test. Representative immunohistological sections are shown. Images are shown at 100×. Arrows identify blood vessels.

The qualitative and quantitative analysis of Ki-67-positive tumour cells in tissue sections was evaluated as described in the Materials and methods section. Ki-67-positive tumour cells were counted in three independent areas under high magnification and averaged for a single value per sample. Values represent the means±S.E.M. for three independent samples per group. The * indicates that the values for the CR group differ from those of the AL control group at a P<0.05 using the two-tailed Student's t test. Representative immunohistological sections are shown. Images are shown at 400×. Ki-67-positive cells are indicated in brown and by the arrow.)

(A) VM mice were implanted with VM-M3/Fluc tumour fragments as described in the Material and methods section and were given a 60% CR starting on days 4–6. Brains were removed 12–15 days post-implantation and imaged ex vivo. (B) The body weights of the VM mice were monitored daily. Values represent the means±S.E.M. for 9–10 mice per group. VM mice were sacrificed and plasma was collected for the analysis of glucose (C) and ketones (D) as described in the Materials and methods section. Values represent the means±S.E.M. The * indicates that the CR values differ significantly from those of the AL control group at P<0.05 using the two-tailed Student's t test.