PMC

Distribution of P. falciparum field isolate rosette frequencies in relation to malaria severity. Box plots showing significantly higher rosette frequencies in parasite isolates collected from children with severe malaria (severe, N = 78) compared with isolates from children with non-severe hyperparasitemia (hyp, N = 40) or uncomplicated malaria (uncomp, N = 91), Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.0001. Boxes indicate the median (central line) and the interquartile range. The error bar indicates the 90th percentile, and points beyond the 90^th percentile are shown as circles.

Distribution of P. falciparum field isolate rosette frequencies in relation to severe malaria sub-categories. Box plots (as in ) showing no significant difference in rosette frequencies between various severe malaria sub-categories including severe malarial anemia (anemia, median 30.5%, interquartile range (IQR) 11–58%), cerebral malaria (coma, median 16.5%, IQR 4–28%), non-comatose neurological impairment (neuro, median 22.0%, IQR 13–45%), repeated seizures (seizures, median 22.0%, IQR 11–29%), and renal failure/jaundice (other, median 9.5%, IQR 0–71%), Kruskal-Wallis test, P = 0.63. A full definition of each sub-category is given in the methods. The number of isolates (N) in each subcategory is shown. For comparison, the non-severe hyperparasitemia patients had a median rosette frequency of 8.5%, IQR 2–20%, and the uncomplicated malaria patients had a median rosette frequency of 1%, IQR 0–12%.