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Fig. 1. The full sample: (A) biological age (years) vs. centroid size (cm); (B) biological age vs. PC1; (C) centroid size vs. PC1.. From: A geometric morphometric study of regional differences in the ontogeny of the modern human facial skeleton.
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Fig. 3. The full sample: (A) PC6 vs. centroid size and (B) PC7 vs. centroid size. Black squares = Polynesians; X = all other populations.. From: A geometric morphometric study of regional differences in the ontogeny of the modern human facial skeleton.
Fig. 5. Ontogenetic trajectories between the mean adult (solid black) and the mean infant (grey fill) of two populations: Arikara (diamonds) and Aleutians (triangles). (A) PC1 vs. PC2; (B) PC1 vs. PC3.. From: A geometric morphometric study of regional differences in the ontogeny of the modern human facial skeleton.
Fig. 4. Arikara Plains Indians: (A) biological age vs. centroid size; (B) biological age vs. PC1; (C) centroid size vs. PC1. Rendered insets and transformation grids show the variation in facial shape represented by PC1, from the negative (left, reference: PC1 −0.10) to the positive extremes (right, target; PC1 0.09), frontal (top) and lateral (bottom) views.. From: A geometric morphometric study of regional differences in the ontogeny of the modern human facial skeleton.
Fig. 6. Warping of the mean shape along PC1 and PC2 (from the analysis of Arikara and Aleutian ontogenetic trajectories corresponding to ), with superimposed Cartesian transformation grids to illustrate the midline shape variability represented by the two PCs. (A) PC1 0.12; (B) PC1 PC2 mean (reference shape); (C) PC1 − 0.12; (D) PC2 0.03; (E) PC2 − 0.03. In (D) and (E) the grid has been calculated to show deformations × 2 to aid visualization.. From: A geometric morphometric study of regional differences in the ontogeny of the modern human facial skeleton.
Fig. 2. The warped mean with overlain transformation grids showing the aspects of variation in facial shape of the full sample represented by PC1 (see ) from the positive (reference shape; PC1 0.16) to the negative (target shape; PC1 − 0.16) extremes, frontal and lateral views. The first image in each row represents the reference shape; while the other three show the target shape with the transformation grid at three different positions on the shape. Single arrows mark expansions, double arrows contractions. For explanations of labels, see text.. From: A geometric morphometric study of regional differences in the ontogeny of the modern human facial skeleton.
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