PMC

Unrooted NJ tree, based on linearized Φ_ST distances derived from AMOVA connecting all 20 population samples.

Genetic map based on multidimensional-scaling analysis and a matrix of the pairwise linearized Φ_ST distances derived from AMOVA.

Approximate geographic locations of 20 study populations. The color codings differentiate the eight groups of populations used for AMOVA analyses.

Allele-frequency distributions of the seven Y-STR loci, among all 986 male individuals combined. For each locus, the allelic designation (in number of repeats) is indicated on the X-axis, and the observed frequency (in %) is shown on the Y-axis.

Estimated genetic variances for each the seven Y-STR loci, and the average across the seven loci, within each of the 20 different population samples.

Modified reduced median network based only on haplotypes observed in at least five male individuals (0.5%). The diameter of each circle corresponds to a categorical absolute frequency (n=5–9, n=10–14, and n>14). Multicolored pies charts denote haplotypes found in different population groups.

Unrooted NJ tree connecting all 598 distinct seven-locus Y-STR haplotypes. The complex topology of the tree was reduced by delineation of 17 major clusters of related haplotypes. The relative contribution of haplotypes of each of the eight population groups is indicated for each cluster; that is, cluster 1 contains 7.7% of the haplotypes observed among Europeans, 17% of all Asian haplotypes, 15.9% of all New Guinean haplotypes, 4.3% of all the NSA haplotypes, no haplotypes from the Arctic (i.e., the INU) and African (i.e., the CAP) populations, 7.4% of all the SUR haplotypes, and 10% of all the WSA haplotypes. For each of the eight groups of populations, the total sum of haplotypes is 100%; thus, cluster 1 contains 62.3% of 800% (i.e., 7.8%) of all haplotypes. The color codes correspond to the eight groups of populations used for AMOVA and are the same as those used in figures and .