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Mol Med. 2010 Mar-Apr; 16(3-4): 87–91. | PMCID: PMC2785473 |
Copyright 2010, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research CD38/CD31 Interactions Activate Genetic Pathways Leading to Proliferation and Migration in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells Silvia Deaglio,1,2 Semra Aydin,1,2 Maurizia Mello Grand,3 Tiziana Vaisitti,1,2 Luciana Bergui,4 Giovanni D’Arena,5 Giovanna Chiorino,3 and Fabio Malavasi1,2 1 Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry 2 Research Center for Experimental Medicine (CeRMS) 4 Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Turin, Italy 3 Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondo Edo Tempia, Biella, Italy and 5 IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy Received October 10, 2009; Accepted November 19, 2009. Human CD38 is a pleiotropic glycoprotein belonging to a family of enzymes/receptors involved in the catabolism of extracellular nucleotides. CD38-receptor activities are regulated through binding to the nonsubstrate ligand CD31. CD38 expression above a critical threshold is a negative prognostic marker for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Activation of CD38 by means of agonistic monoclonal antibodies or the CD31 ligand induces proliferation and immunoblast differentiation of CLL cells. Here we define the genetic signature that follows long-term in vitro interactions between CD38+ CLL lymphocytes and CD31+ cells. The emerging profile confirms that the CD31/CD38 axis activates genetic programs relevant for proliferative responses. It also indicates a contribution of this pathway to the processes mediating migration and homing. These results further support the notion that the CD31/CD38 axis is part of a network of accessory signals that modify the microenvironment, favoring localization of leukemic cells to growth-permissive sites. Human CD38 is a pleiotropic glycoprotein belonging to a complex family of enzymes of the cell surface involved in the catabolism of extracellular nucleotides ( 1). During evolution, CD38 acquired the ability to mediate cell–cell interactions, acting as a receptor and binding the nonsubstrate ligand CD31. CD31/CD38 interactions drive activation and proliferation of distinct lymphocyte populations ( 2). Along with the absence of mutations in the immunoglobulin variable region heavy chain gene ( IgVH) ( 3) and expression of the cytoplasmic kinase ZAP-70 ( 4), CD38 expression above a critical threshold is a reliable negative prognostic marker for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients ( 5). The working hypothesis of our group was that CD38 is not merely a marker in CLL, but is also a cell surface receptor and adhesion molecule directly involved in the delivery of growth signals ( 6). Several pieces of evidence support this view. First, CD38 expression is higher within the bone marrow and the lymph nodes, where the proliferative core of the disease resides ( 7). Moreover, within each CLL clone, cells expressing CD38 are enriched in expression of Ki-67, suggesting that CD38 + cells are a cycling subset ( 8). The CD38 + subset is also characterized by a specific genetic profile, showing upregulation of proliferation/survival pathways ( 9). We showed that activation of CD38 induces proliferation and immunoblast differentiation of CLL cells ( 10). These signals are regulated by physical localization of the CD38 receptor within lipid microdomains and act in synergy with the B-cell receptor/CD19 complex ( 11). The initial observations were obtained by use of agonistic monoclonal antibodies and then extended to a model closely resembling the physiological environment in which CLL cells grow and expand. Indeed, CD38 + CLL cells can bind to murine fibroblasts transfected with the CD31 ligand, with resulting increased growth and survival ( 12). In vivo, several CD31 + cells can be found in lymphoid organs, often in close contact with CD38 + CLL cells ( 13). This work was undertaken to obtain a genome-wide signature of the transcriptional events that follow activation of the CD31/CD38 axis. It also provides some answers to the issues raised by a recent report, in which the relevance of CD31/ CD38 interactions in the context of CLL was called into question ( 14). The emerging genetic profile indicates that CD31/CD38 interactions are indeed followed by activation of genetic programs relevant not only for proliferative responses, as could be anticipated on the basis of in vitro experiments, but also for migration and homing. This latter point deserves further attention and suggests a potential role for CD38 in directing CLL cells to specific microenvironments. Patients and Cells We obtained 10 samples from CLL patients presenting with typical morphology and immunophenotype after we obtained written informed consent in accordance with institutional guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. Analyses included CD38 and ZAP-70 stainings (cutoff positivity values of ≥20% and ≥10%, respectively [15]), IgVH mutational status (unmutated if ≥98% homology to the germline gene) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosomes 11, 12, 13 and 17 (). | Table 1Clinical and biological features of the CLL patients. |
B cells were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by negative selection ( 15). Culture Conditions Mouse L-cells transfected with human CD31 (L-CD31 +) or with the empty plasmid (L-mock) were obtained as described ( 16). Freshly purified CLL cells (1.5 × 106) were plated on mitomycin C–inactivated (0.5 mg/mL, 20 min at 37°C) L-CD31 + or L-mock fibroblasts (2 × 10 5/well in a 24-well plate) for 5 d. Gene Profiling Data collection RNA was obtained from freshly purified CLL cells (basal) or after culture on L-CD31 + (L-CD31 + profile) or L-mock fibroblasts (L-mock profile). Amplified and labeled specimens from each sample were combined with the Human Universal Reference Total RNA (Clontech, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France), fragmented and hybridized to oligonucleotide glass arrays representing 41,000 human unique genes and transcripts (Human Whole Genome Oligo Microarray Array, Agilent Technologies, Cernusco, Italy) ( 15). A dye-swap replicate was performed for each sample. Data analysis Data were preprocessed using the Rosetta Resolver SE software (Rosetta Biosoftware, Seattle, WA, USA) ( 15). Error-weighted Student two-sample paired t test with Benjamini and Hochberg P value adjustment was applied to obtain differentially expressed sequences in the L-CD31 + versus L-mock, L-CD31 + versus basal and L-mock versus basal class comparisons, after a sequence prefiltering step (average expression ratio P value with respect to the Universal Reference less than 0.01 in at least 50% of the patients of each class comparison). Venn diagrams were then created to visualize intersections between class comparison results and to select the sequences of interest. Pathway analysis Significant differential expression at the level of a collection of predefined pathways from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was identified using Pathway-Level Analysis of Gene Expression (PLAGE) ( http://dulci.org/pathways/) ( 17). CD38 receptor activities are regulated through binding to CD31, a nonsubstrate ligand surrogated by ligation with agonistic monoclonal antibodies [reviewed in ( 1)]. In vitro experiments showed that these interactions induce marked proliferation and immunoblast transformation of a fraction of the leukemic clone. We asked whether these results would enable us to find a confirmation by use of a different technological approach, also needed because the relevance of the CD31/CD38 axis in CLL has recently been called into question ( 14). We addressed this issue by obtaining a genome-wide signature of the events taking place after CD31/CD38 interactions. To this aim, CLL cells from 10 CD38 + patients were used immediately (basal profile) or cultured for 5 days in the presence of L-CD31 + transfectants (L-CD31 + profile) or of mock-transfected cells (L-mock profile) used as controls. The choice of the 5-day time point was based on previous results indicating that proliferation and survival are highest after this incubation time ( 12). Moreover, this approach rests on physiological considerations in that CD31/CD38 static interactions are likely to take place within lymphoid organs, in which leukemic cells lie in close and prolonged contact with CD31 + residential elements ( 13). Sample and reference RNAs were co-hybridized to arrays representing 41,000 human unique genes and transcripts. The strategy selected to identify the signature in response to CD31/CD38 interactions relied on identification of genes differentially expressed in the L-CD31+ versus L-mock comparison and subsequent exclusion of genes modulated in the L-mock versus basal comparison. Results are presented in the Venn diagram of . Two P value thresholds were adopted, one to exclude genes that changed expression simply as a result of coculture (L-mock versus basal, P value 0.01), and the other to select sequences with a more significant level of modulation (L-CD31+ versus L-mock and L-CD31+ versus basal, P value 0.001) among the genes differentially expressed as a direct consequence of coculture on L-CD31+ transfectants. The result was the identification of 1645 sequences modulated after CD31/ CD38 interactions. The list of genes contained in the pathways of the KEGG with a significant enrichment score (adjusted P value < 0.01) is available as Supplementary Table 1. PLAGE of the sequences identified 85 differentially regulated pathways ( and Supplementary Table 2). Of these, 14 pathways (16%) are involved in lymphocyte signaling (black arrows in ), and 12 pathways (14%) are implicated in cell adhesion/ movement phenomena (red arrows in ). Relevant examples of upmodulated genes regulating activation/ proliferation pertain to the B-cell receptor, the mitogen-activated protein kinase–and the Toll-like receptor–signaling pathways ( and Supplementary Table 2). Specific attention was dedicated to the panel of 30 apoptosis-regulating genes that Tonino and colleagues found to be unmodulated ( 14). In our series, 7 of 30 genes were differentially regulated upon CD31/CD38 interactions, including P19, Bax, Bcl-RAMBO, Bim, PUMA, Harakiri and Mcl-1 (). All of these genes, with the exception of Mcl-1, are upregulated upon CD31/CD38 interactions, suggesting that deregulation of apoptosis is a component of this signature. The apparent contrast of these results with those of Tonino et al. may be attributable to experimental differences (3T3 cells versus L-fibroblasts, 72 versus 120 hours incubation) and/or to characteristics intrinsic to the patients selected. In the context of the control of cell movement, relevant examples are up-modulation of genes ruling leukocyte transendothelial migration, actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion on the one hand, and downregulation of genes influencing interactions with the extracellular matrix and coding for cell adhesion molecules on the other. This genetic signature implies that long-term CD31/CD38 interactions modulate the competence of CLL cells to grow and progress in response to microenvironmental signals and conditions. Independent immunohistochemical studies on lymph node sections revealed a direct association between the number of endothelial cells (CD31 +) and the level of CD38 expression by CLL cells ( 13), indirectly confirming that CD31/CD38 static interactions occur in vivo. Moreover, the percentage of CD38 + CLL cells ( 8, 18) and the density of tumor vessels ( 19, 20) correlate with neoplastic proliferation and disease aggressiveness. In conclusion, these results provide further support to the hypothesis that CLL maintenance and progression derive not only from the essential drive provided by the antigen but also from a number of accessory signals that modify the microenvironment to favor localization of neoplastic cells to growth-permissive sites. The CD31/CD38 axis is part of this network. We thank F Cottino and K Gizzi for qualified technical assistance. This work was supported by the Associazione Italiana Ricerca Cancro (S Deaglio), the CLL Global Research Foundation (S Deaglio), the Compagnia SanPaolo (S Deaglio, MM Grand and G Chiorino), the Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nationale (F Malavasi), the University of Turin (S Deaglio and F Malavasi), the Fondazione “Guido Berlucchi” (F Malavasi) and the Regione Piemonte (S Deaglio, T Vaisitti and F Malavasi). The Fondazione Internazionale Ricerche Medicina Sperimentale provided financial and administrative assistance. 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