EGFR is a transmembrane receptor possessing tyrosine kinase activity which is stimulated by growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF). EGF is crucial for tumor cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and other processes important for cancer progression; including angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.
1,2,4 Inhibitors of EGFR are monoclonal antibodies against EGFR (e.g. cetuximab, panitumumab) or EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. gefitinib, erlotinib).
2Cetuximab has a higher affinity for EGFR than EGF and competitively blocks the cellular action of these naturally occurring ligands.
1 Cetuximab has also been shown to promote receptor internalization, thereby down-regulating EGFR.
1,4Cetuximab is used in many epithelial cancers that overexpress EGFR, including head and neck, breast, colon, lung, prostate, kidney, ovarian, brain, pancreatic, and bladder cancers.
5 Among these, cetuximab is most commonly prescribed for metastatic colorectal cancer, administered alone or in combination with irinotecan-based chemotherapy regimens.
1Skin reactions following cetuximab treatment are acneiform eruption, xerosis/desquamation, paronychia, hair changes, telangiectasia and hyperpigmentation.
2,6,7 Acneiform skin eruption is the most common adverse event associated with cetuximab therapy.
1-3,6,7 The resultant rash is predominantly on the seborrheic areas such as face, neck, retroauricular area, shoulders, and upper trunk.
2,6 The skin lesions sometimes consist of itchy erythematous follicular papules that may evolve into pustules. The follicular skin lesions are not preceded by visible comedones and can therefore not be considered true acne.
2 This adverse effect is thought to be due to its interference with the physiological role of EGF in the epidermis.
1,2,5,7 EGFR is important for autocrine regulation of the growth of the epidermis, cell cycle progression, cell differentiation, cell movement, and cellular survival.
5Histopathology is characterized by a superficial and florid neutrophilic suppurative folliculitis in which a dense monomorphic infiltrate of neutrophils is predominant around the infundibula.
3Investigation of the follicular toxic effects of cetuximab is important not only because cetuximab is a novel antitumor agent that is likely to gain widespread use, but also because of its in vivo confirmation of the significant role of EGFR in follicular homeostasis.
Although acneiform eruption caused by cetuximab is a relatively common adverse reaction, it may be worthwhile to pay close attention to this patient who presented a severe and extensive eruption.
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