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BMJ. 2008; 337: a2813. Published online 2008 December 17. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2813. | PMCID: PMC2605614 |
Christmas 2008: Seasonal Fayre Frankincense: systematic review E Ernst, professor 1Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Exeter EX2 4NT, UK Accepted November 23, 2008. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Objective To assess evidence from randomised clinical trials about the effectiveness of extracts of Boswellia serrata (frankincense). Design Systematic review. Data sources Electronic searches on Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Amed, and Cochrane Library. Hand searches of conference proceedings, bibliographies, and departmental files. Review methods All randomised clinical trials of B serrata extract as a treatment for any human medical condition were included and studies of B serrata preparations combined with other ingredients were excluded. Titles and abstracts of all retrieved articles were read and hard copies of all relevant articles were obtained. Selection of studies, data extraction and validation were done by the author. The Jadad score was used to evaluate the methodological quality of all included trials. Results Of 47 potentially relevant studies, seven met all inclusion criteria (five placebo controlled, two with active controls). The included trials related to asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, osteoarthritis, and collagenous colitis. Results of all trials indicated that B serrata extracts were clinically effective. Three studies were of good methodological quality. No serious safety issues were noted. Conclusions The evidence for the effectiveness of B serrata extracts is encouraging but not compelling. When they saw the star, they rejoiced exceedingly with great joy. And going into the house they saw the child with Mary his mother, and they fell down and worshiped him. Then, opening their treasures, they offered him gifts, gold and frankincense and myrrh. (Matthew 2, 10-11, English Standard Version)
Frankincense, also known as olibanum, is the resin from the trees of the genus Boswellia, native to Arabia and India. It has a long history of use—for example, in religious ceremonies and for perfume production—and its medicinal properties have been appreciated for millennia. 1 Recently, the pharmacological properties and clinical effectiveness of Boswellia serrata have been studied systematically. The aim of this systematic review was to summarise and critically evaluate the evidence from all randomised clinical trials of B serrata extracts. Searches were done of Amed, Cinahl, Embase, and Medline databases (on 18 August 2008, each from its inception, using the Ovid Sp Interface), the Cochrane Library, and our departmental files, including conference proceedings. Four search terms (Boswellia.mp, Boswelli/mesch, “Boswellia serrata”.mp, Frankincense.mp) were constructed using a combination of MeSH and free-word terms on the individual databases. Results were initially screened by title to exclude any obviously irrelevant articles, and potential hits were downloaded into Endnotes files. No language restrictions were applied. Clinical trials had to be randomised, include human patients with any medical condition, and use B serrata extracts as a monopreparation. Studies of preparations containing B serrata in combination with other ingredients, 2 3 non-randomised trials, 4 5 and abstracts reporting incomplete data for evaluation were excluded. Data were extracted and validated in accord with predefined criteria (table ). Two independent reviews assessed methodological quality with the Jadad score. 6 A meta-analysis was not possible because of heterogeneity, so results are presented in narrative form. | Key data from randomised clinical trials included in systematic review |
Seven randomised clinical trials were included (fig 1). 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 The table summarises key data. The studies were published between 1998 and 2008 and most came from India. Methodological quality was variable but three trials reached the maximum on the Jadad scale. 10 11 13 Five trials were placebo controlled and two were comparisons against active treatments. All studies used oral administration of B serrata extracts. Boswellia extracts showed some promise in treating asthma, 7 rheumatoid arthritis, 8 Crohn’s disease, 9 knee osteoarthritis, 10 12 13 and collagenous colitis. 11 However, all the included trials had flaws: the most common limitations were small sample size and incomplete reporting of data. The largest study included 102 patients, which is not large considering that this was a non-superiority trial. 9 Crucially, little independent replication was found; for only one of the five different indications (osteoarthritis) had more than one randomised clinical trial been published. 10 12 13Adverse effects of B serrata were minor and were judged as not causally related to the treatment and not markedly different from those noted in the placebo groups (table ). Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and nausea were reported in more than one study. Collectively, these data seem to indicate that B serrata extracts are effective in treating a range of conditions caused or maintained by inflammatory processes. The results of non-randomised studies and trials of herbal mixtures containing B serrata , which failed to meet the inclusion criteria for this systematic review, tend to point in the same direction. 4 5 14 B serrata has been used traditionally against inflammatory diseases. 15 Its main pharmacologically active ingredients are α and β boswellic acid, as well as other pentacyclic triterpenic acids. 16 These compounds have been shown to inhibit pro-inflammatory processes by their effects on 5-lipooxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase and on the complement system. 15 17The evidence evaluated here may be encouraging, but it is not convincing. Not enough large randomised clinical trials have been published for any condition. The medications used in these trials cannot be directly compared in terms of contents and strength. The pharmacokinetics and optimal dose of B serrata extracts are largely unknown; usually 600-3000 mg gum resin per day or equivalents are recommended for oral intake. 18 Source of funding or sponsorship was undisclosed in all but one trial. 13Dozens of B serrata preparations for oral intake are commercially available. The majority are not regulated as medicines but sold as food supplements. Fortunately, the safety profile of B serrata seems good. 18 In the included trials, no serious, long term, or irreversible adverse effects were noted. Other data indicate that mild adverse effects such as nausea, acid reflux, and gastrointestinal upset may occasionally occur. 18 No evidence of serious interactions with drugs has been noted. 18 However, absence of evidence is not the same as evidence of absence, which is particularly relevant in herbal medicine, where pharmacovigilance is often less than optimal. 19Many of the medical, quasimedical, or cosmetic claims made implicitly or explicitly for B serrata products are not supported by the available evidence. Their trade names speak for themselves: regeneration body balm, intensive eye serum, supernatural instant youth serum, lifting and firming body lotion, joie de vivre face lotion, radiance anti-ageing, joint and muscle balm, ultra inflammactin, to name a few. Currently more than one million websites on “Frankincense” and half a million on “Boswellia” exist (Google searches, November 2008); the majority fail to offer reliable information on its medicinal uses. This systematic review has several limitations. Although the search strategy was thorough, some randomised clinical trials might not have been located. A positive publication bias cannot be excluded—complementary medicine journals rarely publish negative results. 20 The overall picture generated by a systematic review could thus be false positive. Methods for assessing the extent of publication bias are not very effective if, as in the present case, few trials are available. Mandatory worldwide registration of clinical trials in herbal medicine seems unlikely to happen at present. Incomplete reporting is another problem. One trial related to a subset of patients from a larger multicentre study that has never been published in full. 8 Crucially, the paucity of rigorous studies prevents any definitive judgement about the effectiveness of B serrata extracts. In conclusion, it might be tempting to buy “instant youth” in the form of a B serrata product for Christmas, but sadly the evidence for this claim is nonexistent. For other indications, evidence is encouraging but not convincing. The existing data do, however, warrant further investigation of this herbal medicine. What is already known on this topic - Frankincense has a long history of use
- Some of its ingredients have anti-inflammatory activity
- Several clinical trials have been done
What this study adds - This is a systematic review of data from randomised clinical trials
- It shows encouraging results for conditions caused or maintained by inflammation
- Several caveats exist and independent replications are needed
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Cite this as: BMJ 2008;337:a2813 1. Hughes K. The incense bible. New York: Haworth Press, 2007. 2. Chopra A, Lavin P, Patwardhan B, Chitre D. A 32-week randomized, placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of RA-11, an ayurvedic drug, on osteoarthritis of the knees. J Clin Rheumatol 2004;10:236-45. [PubMed] 3. Kulkarni RR, Patki PS, Jog VP, Gandage SG, Patwardhan B. Treatment of osteoarthritis with a herbomineral formulation: a double-blind; placebo-controlled; cross-over study. J Ethnopharm 1991;33:91-5. 4. Gupta I, Parihar A, Malhotra P, Singh GB, Lüdtke R, Safayhi H, et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur J Med Res 1997;2:37-43. 5. Gupta I, Parihar A, Malhotra P, Gupta S, Lüdtke R, Safayhi H, et al. Effects of gum resin of Boswellia serrata in patients with chronic colitis. Planta Med 2001;67:391-5. 6. Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carrol D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJM, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials—is blinding necessary? Contr Clin Trials 1996;17:1-12. 7. Gupta I, Gupta V, Parihar A, Gupta S, Lüdtke R, Safayhi H, et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with bronchial asthma: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical study. Eur J Med Res 1998;3:511-4. 8. Sander O, Herborn G, Rau R. Is H15 (resin extract of Boswellia serrata, “incense”) a useful supplement to established drug therapy of chronic polyarthritis? Results of a double-blind pilot study. [German] Z Rheumatol 1998;57:11-6. 9. Gerhardt H, Seifert F, Buvari P, Vogelsang H, Repges R. Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia serrata extract H 15. [German] Z Gastroenterol 2001;39:11-7. 10. Kimmatkar N, Thawani V, Hingorani L, Khiyani R. Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee—a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine 2003;10:3-7. [PubMed] 11. Madisch A, Miehlke S, Eichele O, Mrwa J, Bethke B, Kuhlisch E, et al. Boswellia serrata extract for the treatment of collagenous colitis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007;22:1445-51. 12. Sontakke S, Thawani V, Pimpalkhute P, Kabra P, Babhulkar S, Hingorani H. Open, randomized, controlled clinical trial of Boswellia serrata extract as compared to valdecoxib in osteoarthritis of knee. Indian J Pharmacol 2007;39:27-9. 13. Sengupta K, Alluri KV, Satish AR, Mishra S, Golakoti T, Sarma KV, et al. A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study of the efficacy and safety of 5-Loxin(R) for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Res Ther 2008;10:R85 doi:10.1186/ar2461 [PubMed] 14. Badria FA, El-Farahaty T, Shabana AA, Hawas SA, El-Batoty MF. Boswellia-Curcumin preparation for treating knee osteoarthritis: a clinical evaluation. Alt Compl Ther 2002;December:341-8. 15. Ammon HP. Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases. Planta Med 2008;72:1100-16. 16. Pardhy RS, Bhattacharya SC. Boswellic acid, acetyl-boswellic acid and 11-keto-boswellic acid, four pentacyclic triterpenic acids from the resin of Boswellia serrata Indian J Chem 1978;16B:176-8. 17. Knaus U, Wagner H. Effects of boswellic acid of Boswellia serrata and other triterpenic acids on the complement system. Phytomedicine 1996;3:77-81. 18. Ernst E, Pittler MH, Wider B, Boddy K. Complementary therapies for pain management Edinburgh: Elsevier Mosby, 2007. 19. Ernst E. Challenges for phytopharmacovigilance. Postgrad Med J 2004;80:249-50. [PubMed] 20. Ernst E, Pittler MH. Alternative therapy bias. Nature 1997;385:480.
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