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J Med Libr Assoc. 2006 October; 94(4): 442-446, e214-e217. | PMCID: PMC1629445 |
Copyright © 2006, Medical Library Association Information-seeking behavior of faculty in one school of public health *Lisa C. Wallis, MSPH, AHIP, Assistant Information Services Librarian and Assistant Professor Library of the Health Sciences (MC 763), University of Illinois at Chicago, 1750 West Polk Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Received October 2005; Accepted February 2006. Background To date, a relatively small number of studies have examined the information needs and behaviors of public health practitioners, with most of the research funded by recent National Library of Medicine (NLM) and National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) initiatives [ 1– 4]. One segment of the public health workforce whose information needs have not yet been examined is faculty members in schools of public health. Public health faculty are the teachers and mentors of many future public health practitioners and therefore have an opportunity to shape where and how the public health workforce seeks information. The results of this research will be used to modify or develop outreach efforts to faculty in a school of public health. This research study attempted to answer three questions: - What are the current information-seeking behaviors of the faculty of the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) School of Public Health (SPH)?
- What are their perceived barriers to obtaining information?
- What are their preferences for additional library services?
Setting The UIC SPH is one of 37 schools of public health accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) [ 5]. The school offers degrees in 4 academic divisions: community health sciences, environmental and occupational health sciences, epidemiology and biostatistics, and health policy and administration [ 6]. The highest percentage of recent graduates (30.1%) specialized in health policy and administration. In the fall of 2004, a total of 528 students were enrolled in the SPH, making it the 16th largest SPH in terms of enrollment [ 7]. The Library of the Health Sciences– Chicago (LHSC) is the primary library for the SPH. In October 2004, the LHSC liaison to the SPH invited all UIC SPH faculty members to complete a UIC Institutional Review Board–approved online survey about their information-seeking behaviors. The faculty members were identified from the school's Website and from faculty lists obtained from each division's administrative office. The SPH liaison developed the survey instrument online using the SurveyMonkey.com Website. The final instrument consisted of fifteen questions, some of which were multipart ( supplemental appendix online). The initial email survey invitation was sent by the liaison. Follow-up email messages were sent by the liaison and the SPH senior associate dean three and four weeks after the initial invitation, respectively. Approximately one-third of responses were received after the latter reminder. Data collection began in October 2004 and was completed by December 2004. Of the 210 survey invitations distributed, 47 surveys were submitted, though 2 were substantially incomplete and were excluded from analysis. After considering undeliverable emails and refusals to participate, and assuming that unreturned email messages were successfully delivered, the approximate response rate—based on guidelines developed by the American Association for Public Opinion Research—was calculated to be 23.6% [ 8], a figure that is in line with online surveys [ 9]. This figure represents a complete response by 45 participants out of 190 potential contacts ( Table 1). | Table 1 Respondent demographics |
Current information-seeking behavior In terms of frequency of use of information resources for research, teaching, or service information needs, Web searches were most frequently employed, used daily by 56.8% (N = 25) of respondents. Article databases were the next most frequently used resources with 17.8% (N = 8) of participants using them daily, 40.0% (N = 18) weekly, and 31.1% (N = 14) monthly ( Table 2). Alternatively, most faculty did not use the existing library help resources very often, as 97.7% (N = 42) used the library's virtual reference service once a semester or less, and 86.4% (N = 38) relied on a librarian to meet their information needs once a semester or less (). | Table 2 Public health faculty's frequency of use and perceived usefulness of information resources |
When asked to rank the usefulness of the same resources, article databases were viewed as the most valuable resource. Thirty-five faculty members (81.4%) indicated they were one of the top three most useful information resources they consulted, followed by journal subscriptions available through the campus library and Web search engines ( Table 2). Librarians and online catalogs at non-UIC libraries were rated among the least useful resources. One of the more surprising findings was public health faculty's frequency of use and perceived usefulness of the gray literature. Only 46.5% (N = 20) consulted gray literature resources at least monthly, and only 1 respondent ranked gray literature in the top 3 most useful resources. Gray literature has been shown to be a commonly sought type of resource in public health, at least among practitioners [ 3, 4]. shows the 5 resources with which faculty considered themselves least proficient, based on the greatest proportion of nonuse or beginner skill level. Barriers to information access Perceived barriers to using information resources were lack of time or knowledge, as has been demonstrated repeatedly in other studies of faculty [ 10– 14]. Thirty-seven respondents (82.2%) frequently or sometimes encountered a lack of knowledge about what resources were available to them. Time issues were frequently encountered as well, with most respondents indicating they frequently or sometimes had neither time for searching for information (77.8%, N = 35) nor for learning how to use an information resource (77.8%, N = 35). Rarely did public health faculty members at UIC experience a lack of hardware or software as a barrier to retrieving needed information. This study did not address whether faculty perceived a need for information—another potential barrier. Preferences for library support services The data from this survey will refine and develop future library services. When asked about personal preferences for library or information services to support their UIC research, teaching, and service, faculty had a clear desire for as-needed assistance. The largest number of respondents (75.6%, N = 34) indicated they would prefer emailing a librarian as questions arise; a close second (60.0%, N = 27) was the option of telephoning a librarian as questions arise. User self-sufficiency with increasing regular use of the Internet was reflected by preferences for online tutorials to learn more about the library's resources (53.3%, N = 24). Time restrictions meant fewer faculty members were interested in hands-on classes, a common method of teaching information resource use in academic libraries. Though these results generally reflect trends in faculty use of the library reported in previous studies, they provide a snapshot of opinions of faculty at one school of public health and may be limited in generalizability. Additionally, as is often the case with research of this type, the results represent a subjective assessment of information needs and use. Despite these limitations, three overall findings emerged in the study. First, SPH faculty regularly sought out information to support their research, teaching, and service, though they did not tend to ask librarians for assistance. Faculty who had been at the UIC SPH ten years or more were significantly more likely (P = 0.02; chi square test) to sometimes contact a librarian (56.3%) than faculty who had been at the institution less than 10 years (20.0%). This finding demonstrates a clear shift in the self-sufficiency of library users over time. Faculty members who have been at the institution longer were perhaps more aware of the library and its services as well. Second, future outreach should be aimed at educating SPH faculty members about ways the library can help them access information more efficiently. Though this survey did not inquire about the time spent using information resources, some of the open-ended responses indicated either a lack of awareness of or frustration with methods for accessing the library's holdings, both of which result in greater time spent searching for versus finding needed information. Of particular concern were comments indicating that the respondents “could never find [articles they needed]” or “have had some difficulty finding existing references” that they knew to be on the library's shelves. A focus on the fundamentals of library use on this campus—including the online catalog, interlibrary loan, and reference assistance—would save a great deal of frustration for this population. A third important finding was that educational efforts are most desired on an as-needed basis, indicating the need for increasing librarian visibility and availability and confirming results of earlier studies [ 15, 16]. Rather than developing workshops for faculty, the liaison should instead publicize contact information, as faculty members indicated they would prefer to ask for assistance as questions arise. As a relationship develops between the faculty members and the liaison librarian, opportunities for education and training can increase. These findings may help libraries identify opportunities for outreach to public health faculty, whose needs differ from public health students and practitioners. The author thanks her colleagues at the UIC University Library for their comments and suggestions on the survey and resulting manuscript. Information needs of the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) School of Public Health faculty Consent for participation Note: Current faculty in the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) School of Public Health (SPH) are invited to participate in this study. If you are not currently a member of the UIC SPH faculty, please exit this survey. My name is Lisa Wallis, and I am the liaison from the UIC Library of the Health Sciences to the SPH. I would like to invite you to participate in a research study investigating the information needs of the UIC School of Public Health faculty. The objectives of this study are: - to assess the information-seeking behaviors of the UIC School of Public Health faculty,
- to identify their perceived barriers to obtaining information, and
- to determine their preferences for additional library services.
SPH faculty may potentially benefit from this study, as the UIC Library of the Health Sciences will use the results to better support their research, teaching, and service activities through the development of additional library services. The results of this study also will be published in the appropriate literature. Your participation in this research is voluntary. Your decision whether or not to participate will not affect your current or future relations with the university or the Library of the Health Sciences. If you decide to participate, you are free to withdraw at any time without affecting that relationship. We will not use any methods to identify you, and we will not know who you are unless you provide identifying information in your responses to open-ended questions. While your Internet protocol (IP) address will be recorded by the host server of the online survey, no association will be made between you and your computer's IP address. Data will remain confidential. The fifteen-question survey should take ten to fifteen minutes to complete. If you consent to participate in this study, please complete the online survey no later than Wednesday, December 1, 2004, by clicking Next ![[dbl greater-than sign]](/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x226B.gif) below. If you have any questions or concerns about the survey, please contact Lisa Wallis at 312.996.0816. If you have questions about your rights as a research subject, please contact the UIC Office for the Protection of Research Subjects at 312.996.1711. The UIC research protocol number for this study is # 2004-0693. Library or information needs - Lee P, Giuse NB, and Sathe NA. Benchmarking information needs and use in the Tennessee public health community. J Med Libr Assoc. 2003. Jul; 91(3:):322.–36. [PubMed]
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