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Journal List > J Exp Anal Behav > v.31(1); Jan 1979

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J Exp Anal Behav. 1979 January; 31(1): 83–90.
doi: 10.1901/jeab.1979.31-83.
PMCID: PMC1332791
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Schedule-induced locomotor activity in humans.
P G Muller, R E Crow, and C D Cheney
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Abstract
In two experiments, humans received tokens either on a fixed-interval schedule for plunger pulling or various response-nondependent fixed-time schedules ranging from 16 to 140 seconds. Locomotor activity such as walking, shifting weight, or pacing was recorded in quarters of the interreinforcement interval to examine the induced characteristics of that behavior in humans. While performance was variable, several characteristics were present that have counterparts in experiments with nonhumans during periodic schedules of food reinforcement: (a) first quarter rates, and sometimes overall rates, of locomotor activity were greater during intervals that terminated in a visual stimulus and token delivery than those without: (b) overall rates of locomotor activity were greater during fixed-time 16-second schedules than during fixed-time 80- or 140-second schedules; (c) rates of locomotor activity decreased during the interreinforcement intervals; (d) locomotor activity was induced by response-dependent and response-nondependent token delivery. These results showed that the rate and temporal pattern of locomotor activity can be schedule-induced in humans.
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Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
  • Allen Joseph D, Porter Joseph H, Arazie Rachelle. Schedule-induced drinking as a function of percentage reinforcement. J Exp Anal Behav. 1975 Mar;23(2):223–232. [PubMed]
  • Anderson Merrill C, Shettleworth Sara J. Behavioral adaptation to fixed-interval and fixed-time food delivery in golden hamsters. J Exp Anal Behav. 1977 Jan;27(1):33–49. [PubMed]
  • AZRIN NH. Time-out from positive reinforcement. Science. 1961 Feb 10;133:382–383. [PubMed]
  • Azrin NH, Hutchinson RR, Hake DF. Extinction-induced aggression. J Exp Anal Behav. 1966 May;9(3):191–204. [PubMed]
  • Brown Thomas G, Flory Randall K. Schedule-induced escape from fixed-interval reinforcement. J Exp Anal Behav. 1972 May;17(3):395–403. [PubMed]
  • Cherek DR, Thompson T, Heistad GT. Responding maintained by the opportunity to attack during an interval food reinforcement schedule. J Exp Anal Behav. 1973 Jan;19(1):113–123. [PubMed]
  • FALK JL. Production of polydipsia in normal rats by an intermittent food schedule. Science. 1961 Jan 20;133:195–196. [PubMed]
  • Falk JL. Schedule-induced polydipsia as a function of fixed interval length. J Exp Anal Behav. 1966 Jan;9(1):37–39. [PubMed]
  • Falk JL. The nature and determinants of adjunctive behavior. Physiol Behav. 1971 May;6(5):577–588. [PubMed]
  • Flory Randall. Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food interval. J Exp Anal Behav. 1969 Sep;12(5):825–828. [PubMed]
  • Kelly JF, Hake DF. An extinction-induced increase in an aggressive response with humans. J Exp Anal Behav. 1970 Sep;14(2):153–164. [PubMed]
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