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Journal List > J Appl Behav Anal > v.2(1); Spring 1969

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J Appl Behav Anal. 1969 Spring; 2(1): 15–22.
doi: 10.1901/jaba.1969.2-15.
PMCID: PMC1311030
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Modification of social withdrawal through symbolic modeling1
Robert D. O'Connor
Stanford University2
1This research was supported by Public Health Research Grant M-5162 from the National Institute of Mental Health to Albert Bandura, and by the Louis Haas Research Fund, Stanford University. The author is grateful to Professor Bandura, whose enthusiastic assistance and many suggestions were invaluable during all phases of this project, and to Professor Eleanor E. Maccoby, who provided support and helpful comments during the initial stages of the experiment. Professors Robert R. Sears and Edith Dowley generously assisted in the design and implementation of observational procedures, and Marian O'Connor collaborated on numerous resources which insured the success of the program.
2Reprints may be obtained from the author, Dept. of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
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Abstract
The present experiment was designed to test the efficacy of symbolic modeling as a treatment to enhance social behavior in preschool isolates. Nursery school children who displayed marked social withdrawal were assigned to one of two conditions. One group observed a film depicting increasingly more active social interactions between children with positive consequences ensuing in each scene, while a narrative soundtrack emphasized the appropriate behavior of the models. A control group observed a film that contained no social interaction. Control children displayed no change in withdrawal behavior, whereas those who had the benefit of symbolic modeling increased their level of social interaction to that of non-isolate nursery school children.
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Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
  • ALLEN KE, HART B, BUELL JS, HARRIS FR, WOLF MM. EFFECTS OF SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT ON ISOLATE BEHAVIOR OF A NURSERY SCHOOL CHILD. Child Dev. 1964 Jun;35:511–518. [PubMed]
  • BANDURA A. INFLUENCE OF MODEL'S REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCIES ON THE ACQUISITION OF IMITATIVE RESPONSES. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1965 Jun;36:589–595. [PubMed]
  • Bandura A, Grusec JE, Menlove FL. Vicarious extinction of avoidance behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1967 Jan;5(1):16–23. [PubMed]
  • BANDURA A, HUSTON AC. Identification as a process of incidental learning. J Abnorm Soc Psychol. 1961 Sep;63:311–318. [PubMed]
  • BANDURA A, MCDONALD FJ. INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT AND THE BEHAVIOR OF MODELS IN SHAPING CHILDREN'S MORAL JUDGMENTS. J Abnorm Psychol. 1963 Sep;67:274–281. [PubMed]
  • Bandura A, Menlove FL. Factors determining vicarious extinction of avoidance behavior through symbolic modeling. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1968 Feb;8(2):99–108. [PubMed]
  • Bandura A, Mischel W. Modification of self-imposed delay of reward through exposure to live and symbolic models. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1965 Nov;2(5):698–705. [PubMed]
  • BANDURA A, ROSS D, ROSS SA. Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. J Abnorm Soc Psychol. 1961 Nov;63:575–582. [PubMed]
  • Baer DM, Peterson RF, Sherman JA. The development of imitation by reinforcing behavioral similarity to a model. J Exp Anal Behav. 1967 Sep;10(5):405–416. [PubMed]
  • BERBER SM. Conditioning through vicarious instigation. Psychol Rev. 1962 Sep;69:450–466. [PubMed]
  • Berger SM, Johansson SL. Effect of a model's expressed emotions on an observer's resistance to extinction. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1968 Sep;10(1):53–58. [PubMed]
  • Hart Betty M, Reynolds Nancy J, Baer Donald M, Brawley Eleanor R, Harris Florence R. Effect of contingent and non-contingent social reinforcement on the cooperative play of a preschool child. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Spring;1(1):73–76. [PubMed]
  • HICKS DJ. IMITATION AND RETENTION OF FILM-MEDIATED AGGRESSIVE PEER AND ADULT MODELS. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1965 Jul;34:97–100. [PubMed]
  • Lovaas OI, Berberich JP, Perloff BF, Schaeffer B. Acquisition of imitative speech by schizophrenic children. Science. 1966 Feb 11;151(711):705–707. [PubMed]
  • PATTERSON GR, ANDERSON D. PEERS AS SOCIAL REINFORCERS. Child Dev. 1964 Sep;35:951–960. [PubMed]
  • Peterson Robert F. Some experiments on the organization of a class of imitative behaviors. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Fall;1(3):225–235. [PubMed]
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