PMC

(a) Phylogenetic relationship of sponge SAMA S1981 based on 28S rRNA gene. (b) Phylogenetic relationship of sponge SAMA S1981 based on COI mtDNA. (c) Phylogenetic relationship of sponge SAMA S1962 based on 28S rRNA gene. (d) Phylogenetic relationship of sponge SAMA S1962 based on COI mtDNA. (e) Phylogenetic relationship of sponge SAMA S1960 based on 28S rRNA gene. (f) Phylogenetic relationship of sponge SAMA S1960 based on COI mtDNA.

Above-background isotope tracer incorporation Δδ¹³C (%) (dark bars) and Δδ¹⁵N (%) (light bars) in: (a) coral mucus, sponge tissue, and sponge detritus from the warm-water sponge Mycale fistulifera; with tissue and detritus sampled after 3 and 5 days exposure to ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled warm-water coral mucus, and (b) coral mucus, sponge tissue, and sponge detritus from the cold-water sponge Hymedesmia coriacea sampled after 4 days exposure to ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled cold-water coral mucus. Data presented as mean ± SD*. *Note that the cold-water sponge tissue data are from three sponge specimens maintained in a single experimental chamber during the labeling procedure. Subsequent detritus production incubations were conducted in individual chambers.

Thiol–ene click reaction leading to cross-linked PDMS-coated melamine sponge. (a) Photoinduced thiol–ene reaction of PMVS and PETMP to form cross-linked networks. (b) XPS spectra of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge. (c) FTIR–attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge. (d) TGA curves of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge. (e) EDS spectra of PDMS-modified melamine sponge demonstrating successful coating of PDMS on the sponge framework surface. (f) Raman spectra of pristine melamine sponge and PDMS-modified melamine sponge.

a Presence of sponge species-specific ASVs in the 169 sponge species analysed in this study. Coloured bars indicate distribution of presence (dark grey)/absence (light grey) of host species-specific ASVs across sponge types (red = HMA; blue = LMA_demo; light blue = LMA_glass). b Sunburst charts depicting sponge species-exclusive ASVs of one HMA sponge (Paratimea sp.), one LMA_demo sponge (Chondrocladia robertballardi), and the LMA_glass sponge Vazella pourtalesii (each with ≥8 sponge individuals per species). Rings indicate microbial taxonomic affiliation, from the inner (phylum) to the outer ring (species). When unassigned at a certain taxonomic level, colour was not added. Colour number code for microbial phyla is same in b and c, numbers clarify names of microbial phyla in b. Total numbers of species-exclusive ASVs are shown below each plot, together with the total number of sponge individuals per sponge species. c Relative abundances of the 81 microbial phyla (plus unclassified taxa) in all samples including seawater and sediment. The bar charts are sorted based on the similarity of microbial communities (beta-diversity; same order as in Fig. ). The grey shades of the ring, which is shown between the microbial clustering dendrogram and the bars, mark the 169 sponge species (different shades of grey denote different sponge species). Descriptors on the outer circle indicate the three sponge types (HMA, LMA_demo, LMA_glass), dark grey fill marks environmental reference samples (seawater, sediment). This plot provides a higher resolution of Fig. : Relative abundances are shown for all detected 81 microbial phyla, as well as for taxa that are unclassified at phylum level. Information about sponge species identity is also included.