PMC

The RCT quality score for Asian ginseng and American ginseng with three factors: publication date, sample size and trial length. A. The all RCTs quality score column diagram for Asian ginseng and American ginseng (presented as the mean ± the standard deviation (SD)). The blue scatter points represent the RCT quality scores for Asian ginseng. The pink scatter points represent the RCT quality scores for American ginseng. B. The all RCT quality score column diagram for Asian ginseng and American ginseng with regard to publication date (Mean ± SD). The blue scatter points represent the RCT quality scores of Asian ginseng. The pink scatter points represent the RCT quality scores for American ginseng. C. The all RCT quality score column diagram for Asian ginseng and American ginseng with regard to sample size (Mean ± SD). The blue scatter points represent the RCT quality scores of Asian ginseng. The pink scatter points represent the RCT quality scores of American ginseng. D. The all RCT quality score scatter diagram for both Asian ginseng and American ginseng with regard to trial length (Mean ± SD). The blue scatter points represent the RCT quality scores of Asian ginseng. The pink scatter points represent the RCT quality scores of American ginseng.

Structures of ginseng saponins. A. Structures of ginseng saponins whose genin is 3β,12β,20-trihydroxydammar-24-ene (protopanaxadiol)/3β,6α,12β,20-tetrahydroxydammar-24-ene (protopanaxatriol); B. Structures of ginseng saponins whose genin is (a) 3β,12β,20-trihydroxy-24-hydroperoxydammar-25-ene/3β,6α,12β,20-tetrahydroxy-24-hydroperoxydammar-25-ene; (b) 3β,12β,20,24-tetrahydroxydammar-25-ene/3β,6α,12β,20,24-pentahydroxydammar-25-ene; (c) 3β,6α,12β,20-tetrahydroxydammar-24-one-25-ene; C. Structures of ginseng saponins whose genin is (a) (E)-3β,12β,20-trihydroxy-25-hydroperoxydammar-23-ene/(E)-3β,6α,12β,20-tetrahydroxy-25-hydroperoxydammar-23-ene; (b) (E)-3β,6α,12β,20,25-pentahydroxydammar-23-ene; (c) 3β,6α,12β,26-tetrahydroxydammar-24-ene/3β,6α,12β,27-tetrahydroxydammar-24-ene; D. Structures of ginseng saponins whose genin is (a) 3β,12β,20-trihydroxy-25,26,27-trinordammar-24-al/3β,12β,20,23-tetrahydroxy-25,26,27-trinordammar-24-al; (b) 3β,6α,12β,20-tetrahydroxy-24,24-dimethoxy-25,26,27-trinordammarane; E. Structures of ginseng saponins whose genin is 3β,12β,20,25-tetrahydroxydammarane/3β,6α,12β,20,25-pentahydroxydammarane; F. Structures of ginseng saponins whose genin is (a) (E)-3β,12β-dihydroxydammar-20(22),24-diene/(E)-3β,6α,12β-trihydroxydammar-20(22),24-diene; (b) (Z)-3β,12β-dihydroxydammar-20(22),24-diene; (c) 3β,12β-dihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene/3β,6α,12β-trihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene; G. Structures of ginseng saponins whose genin is (a) 3β,12β-dihydroxy-20,25-epoxydammarane (panaxadiol)/3β,6α,12β-trihydroxy-20,25-epoxydammarane (panaxatriol); (b) 3β,6α,20-trihydroxy-12,23-epoxydammar-24-ene; (3) 6α,25-dihydroxy-20,24-epoxydammar-3,12-dione; H. Structure of a ginseng saponin whose genin is (a) 3β,6α,12β,24-tetrahydroxydammar-20(22),25-diene; (b) 3β,7β,12β,20-tetrahydroxydammar-5,24-diene; (c) 3β,6α,20-trihydroxydammar-12-one-24-ene; (d) oleanolic acid; I. Structures of ginseng saponins whose genin is (a) 3β,6α,12β-trihydroxy-24-hydroperoxydammar-20(22),25-diene; (b) 3β,6α,12β-trihydroxy-23-hydroperoxydammar-20(21),24-diene; (c) 3β,6α,12β-trihydroxy-22,23,24,25,26,27-hexanordammar-20-one; (d) (E)-3β,12β,25-trihydroxydammar-20(22)-ene; J. Structures of synthesized saponins whose genin is (a) 3β,12β,20-trihydroxydammar-24-ene (protopanaxadiol)/3β,6α,12β,20-tetrahydroxydammar-24-ene (protopanaxatriol); (b) 3β,12β,25-trihydroxy-20,24-epoxydammarane/3β,6α,12β,25-tetrahydroxy-20,24-epoxydammarane; (c) 3β,12β-dihydroxydammarane; K. Structures of ginseng saponin metabolites whose genin is 3β,12β,20-trihydroxydammar-24-ene (protopanaxadiol)/3β,6α,12β,20-tetrahydroxydammar-24-ene (protopanaxatriol).

A: The relationship of total ginsenosides content with PCA1. B: The relationship of Cu content in ginseng with PCA1. C: The relationship of Cd content in ginseng with PCA1.D: The relationship of As content in ginseng with PCA1.E: The relationship of Hg content in ginseng with PCA1.F: The relationship of Pb content in ginseng with PCA1.

Differences between OTU distributions of new and old ginseng fields. NB new ginseng field without planting, ND new ginseng field with symptomatic American ginseng, NH new ginseng field with asymptomatic American ginseng, OB old ginseng field without planting, OD old ginseng field with symptomatic American ginseng, OH old ginseng field with asymptomatic American ginseng