PMC

Summary phylogenetic trees are displayed with corresponding bootstrap percentages for analysis of nt123 and nt123_degen1 data sets based on different taxon subsamples for Tineoidea. For ease and focus of presentation, only relationships among strongly supported, higher-level groupings are shown (see ). These groupings are: Tine: Tineidae – Eudarcia (20 taxa total); Psych  =  Psychidae (9 taxa total); Eudarcia (currently classified within Tineidae, 1 taxon); Compsoctena (currently classified within Eriocottidae; 1 taxon); NTD: non-tineoid Ditrysia (27 taxa total); and the non-ditrysian outgroup (not shown), which consist of Palaephatidae + Tischeriidae (5 taxa total).

Wing slides showing venation in various microlepidoptera. aAetia bipunctella Chambers (Gelechioidea: Elachistidae; USNM 86446). bTriclonella pergandeella Busck (Gelechioidea: Momphidae; USNM 86421). cColeophora Hübner sp. (Gelechioidea: Coleophoridae; USNM 86413). dTheisoa multifasciella Chambers (Gelechioidea: Gelechiidae; USNM 86510). eIthome concolorella (Chambers) (Gelechioidea: Cosmopterigidae; USNM 86431). fYmeldia janae Hodges (Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae; USNM 86514). gMelanocinclis lineigera Hodges (Gelechioidea: Cosmopterigidae; USNM 86416). hLarisa subsolana Miller (Tortricoidea: Tortricidae; USNM 71795). iArgyresthia alternatella Kearfott (Yponomeutoidea: Argyresthiidae; MEM 2985B). jTinea apicimaculella Chambers (Tineoidea: Tineidae; MEM 3025B). Scale bar: 1 cm

Exemplars of wing venation in lineages within the paraphyletic grade “microlepidoptera.” The green dots represent the bifurcation points that fit the criteria for inclusion in this study; up to three bifurcation points were measured per wing. AAgathiphaga vitiensis Dumbleton (Agathiphagoidea: Agathiphagidae), modified from []. BDyseriocrania Spuler (Eriocranioidea: Eriocraniidae), modified from []. CIncurvaria masculella Haworth (Adeloidea: Incurvariidae), modified from []. DScardia anatomella Treitschke (Tineoidea: Tineidae), modified from []. EYponomeuta Latreille (Yponomeutoidea: Yponomeutidae), modified from [, ]. FArgyroploce Hübner (Tortricoidea: Tortricidae), modified from []. GPennisetia marginata Dehne (Sesioidea: Sesiidae), modified from []. HPseudanapaea trigona Hering (Zygaenoidea: Limacodidae), modified from []

A. Composite working hypothesis based on morphology . B. Ditrysian-only relationships (rooted on Tineoidea) inferred from degen1 ML analysis of 123 taxa sequenced either for 5 or 26 gene segments, with bootstrap values ≥50% displayed for nodes at the superfamily level and above . C. Lepidopteran relationships (rooted on Micropterigoidea) inferred from ML analysis of 350 taxa, using nucleotides from the first and second codon positions (+ third codon position for EF-1α only) of 8 gene segments, with bootstrap values >50% displayed for nodes at the superfamily level and above . Numbers in parentheses after taxon names are numbers of exemplars sampled.