PMC

Effect of ampelopsin on the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of leukemia cells. (A) Effect of ampelopsin on the nuclear morphology. HL60 and K562 cells were treated with ampelopsin (50 and 100 µM) or imatinib (5 µM) for 24 h. Changes in nuclear morphology were monitored by DAPI staining under a fluorescence microscope. The condensed and fragmented nuclei were indicated by white arrows. (B) Effect of ampelopsin on the mitochondrial membrane potential. Leukemia cells were treated with ampelopsin or imatinib for 6 h and stained with TMRE. Fluorescence images were obtained with a fluorescence microscope and further quantified by densitometry. (C) Effect of ampelopsin on the intracellular ROS generation. Leukemia cells were treated with ampelopsin or imatinib for 6 h. ROS levels were detected with DCFH-DA using a fluorescence microscope and further quantified by densitometry. (D) Effect of ampelopsin on the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. Leukemia cells were treated with ampelopsin or imatinib for 24 and 48 h. Protein levels were detected by western blot analysis using specific antibodies and further quantified by densitometry. β-actin levels were used as an internal control. Arrowheads indicate bands that correspond to specific proteins. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.001 vs. the control.

Effects of ampelopsin application on soybean plant roots under normal and stress conditions after 12 days of treatment (12DAT; (A–D)). Treatments: Cont (control), AMP (1 μM ampelopsin), S (1.5% sodium chloride), AMP (1 μM ampelopsin) + S (1.5% sodium chloride), Cd (3 mM cadmium), 1 μM AMP (ampelopsin) + Cd (3 mM cadmium), Pb (3 mM lead), AMP (1 μM ampelopsin) + Pb (3 mM lead), Ni (3 mM nickel), and AMP (1 μM ampelopsin) + Ni (3 mM nickel). Values show the means ± SE (n = 5) and significant differences at p < 0.05 (Tukey test).

Effects of ampelopsin application on soybean plant growth under normal and stress conditions after 12 days of treatment (12DAT; (A–D)). Treatments: Cont (control), AMP (1 μM ampelopsin), S (1.5% sodium chloride), AMP (1 μM ampelopsin) + S (1.5% sodium chloride), Cd (3 mM cadmium), 1 μM AMP (ampelopsin) + Cd (3 mM cadmium), Pb (3 mM lead), AMP (1 μM ampelopsin) + Pb (3 mM lead), Ni (3 mM nickel), and AMP (1 μM ampelopsin) + Ni (3 mM nickel). Values show the means ± SE (n = 5) and significant differences at p < 0.05 (Tukey test).

Effect of ampelopsin on the proliferation of leukemia cells. (A) Effect of ampelopsin on the proliferation of HL60 and K562 leukemia cells. Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of ampelopsin (0−400 µM) for 24 and 48 h. (B) Effect of ampelopsin on the proliferation of MRC-5 and 267B1 normal cells. Cells were treated with ampelopsin (0−400 µM) for 24 and 48 h. (A,B) Cell proliferation was measured using a CellTiter-Glo^® luminescent assay system. ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.001 vs. the control.