U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Typhus

MedGen UID:
11976
•Concept ID:
C0041471
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Jail fever
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0001246
Orphanet: ORPHA102023

Definition

A group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus and murine typhus. [from MONDO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVTyphus

Professional guidelines

PubMed

The epidemiology, diagnosis and management of scrub typhus disease in China.
Musa TH, Ahmad T, Wana MN, Li W, Musa HH, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Dhama K, Chaicumpa W, Campbell MC, Wei P
Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021 Oct 3;17(10):3795-3805. Epub 2021 Jun 14 doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1934355. PMID: 34124995Free PMC Article
Management and Treatment of Human Lice.
Sangaré AK, Doumbo OK, Raoult D
Biomed Res Int 2016;2016:8962685. Epub 2016 Jul 27 doi: 10.1155/2016/8962685. PMID: 27529073Free PMC Article
Drug treatment of scrub typhus.
Rajapakse S, Rodrigo C, Fernando SD
Trop Doct 2011 Jan;41(1):1-4. doi: 10.1258/td.2010.100311. PMID: 21172901

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Rickettsioses in Children - A Review.
Sood AK, Sachdeva A
Indian J Pediatr 2020 Nov;87(11):930-936. Epub 2020 Feb 28 doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03216-z. PMID: 32112308
Rickettsioses in Europe.
Portillo A, Santibáñez S, García-Álvarez L, Palomar AM, Oteo JA
Microbes Infect 2015 Nov-Dec;17(11-12):834-8. Epub 2015 Sep 16 doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.09.009. PMID: 26384814
Human louse-transmitted infectious diseases.
Badiaga S, Brouqui P
Clin Microbiol Infect 2012 Apr;18(4):332-7. Epub 2012 Feb 23 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03778.x. PMID: 22360386
Tropical rickettsioses.
Parola P, Raoult D
Clin Dermatol 2006 May-Jun;24(3):191-200. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.11.007. PMID: 16714200
Epidemiology of rickettsial diseases.
Walker DH, Fishbein DB
Eur J Epidemiol 1991 May;7(3):237-45. doi: 10.1007/BF00145672. PMID: 1884775

Diagnosis

Neurological Manifestations of Scrub Typhus.
Basu S, Chakravarty A
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2022 Aug;22(8):491-498. Epub 2022 Jun 21 doi: 10.1007/s11910-022-01215-5. PMID: 35727462
Scrub typhus and antibiotic-resistant Orientia tsutsugamushi.
Lu CT, Wang LS, Hsueh PR
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021 Dec;19(12):1519-1527. Epub 2021 Jun 21 doi: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1941869. PMID: 34109905
Scrub Typhus.
Crecelius EM, Burnett MW
J Spec Oper Med 2020 Spring;20(1):120-122. doi: 10.55460/WCLB-0NKA. PMID: 32203616
Diagnosis of scrub typhus.
Janardhanan J, Trowbridge P, Varghese GM
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014 Dec;12(12):1533-40. Epub 2014 Oct 31 doi: 10.1586/14787210.2014.974559. PMID: 25359599
Scrub typhus.
Mahajan SK
J Assoc Physicians India 2005 Nov;53:954-8. PMID: 16515236

Therapy

Intravenous Doxycycline, Azithromycin, or Both for Severe Scrub Typhus.
Varghese GM, Dayanand D, Gunasekaran K, Kundu D, Wyawahare M, Sharma N, Chaudhry D, Mahajan SK, Saravu K, Aruldhas BW, Mathew BS, Nair RG, Newbigging N, Mathew A, Abhilash KPP, Biswal M, Prasad AH, Zachariah A, Iyadurai R, Hansdak SG, Sathyendra S, Sudarsanam TD, Prakash JAJ, Manesh A, Mohan A, Tarning J, Blacksell SD, Peerawaranun P, Waithira N, Mukaka M, Cheah PY, Peter JV, Abraham OC, Day NPJ; INTREST Trial Investigators
N Engl J Med 2023 Mar 2;388(9):792-803. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2208449. PMID: 36856615Free PMC Article
Scrub typhus and antibiotic-resistant Orientia tsutsugamushi.
Lu CT, Wang LS, Hsueh PR
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021 Dec;19(12):1519-1527. Epub 2021 Jun 21 doi: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1941869. PMID: 34109905
Ectoparasites: Pediculosis and tungiasis.
Coates SJ, Thomas C, Chosidow O, Engelman D, Chang AY
J Am Acad Dermatol 2020 Mar;82(3):551-569. Epub 2019 Jul 13 doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.05.110. PMID: 31306729
The Rickettsioses: A Practical Update.
Blanton LS
Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019 Mar;33(1):213-229. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.010. PMID: 30712763Free PMC Article
Revisiting doxycycline in pregnancy and early childhood--time to rebuild its reputation?
Cross R, Ling C, Day NP, McGready R, Paris DH
Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016;15(3):367-82. Epub 2016 Jan 25 doi: 10.1517/14740338.2016.1133584. PMID: 26680308Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Intravenous Doxycycline, Azithromycin, or Both for Severe Scrub Typhus.
Varghese GM, Dayanand D, Gunasekaran K, Kundu D, Wyawahare M, Sharma N, Chaudhry D, Mahajan SK, Saravu K, Aruldhas BW, Mathew BS, Nair RG, Newbigging N, Mathew A, Abhilash KPP, Biswal M, Prasad AH, Zachariah A, Iyadurai R, Hansdak SG, Sathyendra S, Sudarsanam TD, Prakash JAJ, Manesh A, Mohan A, Tarning J, Blacksell SD, Peerawaranun P, Waithira N, Mukaka M, Cheah PY, Peter JV, Abraham OC, Day NPJ; INTREST Trial Investigators
N Engl J Med 2023 Mar 2;388(9):792-803. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2208449. PMID: 36856615Free PMC Article
Rickettsioses in Children - A Review.
Sood AK, Sachdeva A
Indian J Pediatr 2020 Nov;87(11):930-936. Epub 2020 Feb 28 doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03216-z. PMID: 32112308
Infections and Thrombocytopenia.
Parikh F
J Assoc Physicians India 2016 Feb;64(2):11-12. PMID: 27730774
Neglected bacterial zoonoses.
Chikeka I, Dumler JS
Clin Microbiol Infect 2015 May;21(5):404-15. Epub 2015 May 8 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.022. PMID: 25964152Free PMC Article
The plague of Athens: epidemiology and paleopathology.
Littman RJ
Mt Sinai J Med 2009 Oct;76(5):456-67. doi: 10.1002/msj.20137. PMID: 19787658

Clinical prediction guides

Clinical Characteristics and Diagnostic Prediction of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome and Rickettsiosis in the Co-Endemic Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.
Teramoto K, Tamura S, Yoshida K, Inada Y, Yamashita Y, Morimoto M, Mushino T, Koreeda D, Miyamoto K, Komiya N, Nakano Y, Takagaki Y, Koizumi Y
Medicina (Kaunas) 2023 Nov 17;59(11) doi: 10.3390/medicina59112024. PMID: 38004073Free PMC Article
Scrub typhus cholecystitis.
Pannu AK, Smitha S, Ravi N, Chander Y, Biswal M, Suri V, Kumari S
J Vector Borne Dis 2020 Oct-Dec;57(4):375-377. doi: 10.4103/0972-9062.313960. PMID: 34856721
Human Tick-Borne Diseases in Australia.
Dehhaghi M, Kazemi Shariat Panahi H, Holmes EC, Hudson BJ, Schloeffel R, Guillemin GJ
Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019;9:3. Epub 2019 Jan 28 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00003. PMID: 30746341Free PMC Article
Scrub Typhus and Abnormal Electrocardiography.
Choi SW, Yun NR, Choi DH, Ki YJ, Kim SW, Kim CM, Kim DM
Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 Feb;100(2):399-404. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0565. PMID: 30734694Free PMC Article
Clinical and laboratory characteristics, epidemiology, and outcomes of murine typhus: A systematic review.
Tsioutis C, Zafeiri M, Avramopoulos A, Prousali E, Miligkos M, Karageorgos SA
Acta Trop 2017 Feb;166:16-24. Epub 2016 Oct 29 doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.10.018. PMID: 27983969

Recent systematic reviews

Scrub typhus point-of-care testing: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Saraswati K, Day NPJ, Mukaka M, Blacksell SD
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 Mar;12(3):e0006330. Epub 2018 Mar 26 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006330. PMID: 29579046Free PMC Article
Clinical manifestations of scrub typhus.
Rajapakse S, Weeratunga P, Sivayoganathan S, Fernando SD
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2017 Feb 1;111(2):43-54. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trx017. PMID: 28449088
Clinical and laboratory characteristics, epidemiology, and outcomes of murine typhus: A systematic review.
Tsioutis C, Zafeiri M, Avramopoulos A, Prousali E, Miligkos M, Karageorgos SA
Acta Trop 2017 Feb;166:16-24. Epub 2016 Oct 29 doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.10.018. PMID: 27983969
Revisiting doxycycline in pregnancy and early childhood--time to rebuild its reputation?
Cross R, Ling C, Day NP, McGready R, Paris DH
Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016;15(3):367-82. Epub 2016 Jan 25 doi: 10.1517/14740338.2016.1133584. PMID: 26680308Free PMC Article
A Systematic Review of Mortality from Untreated Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi).
Taylor AJ, Paris DH, Newton PN
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9(8):e0003971. Epub 2015 Aug 14 doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003971. PMID: 26274584Free PMC Article

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Related information

    • MeSH
      Related Medical Subject Headings
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...