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    msl-2 male-specific lethal 2 [ Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) ]

    Gene ID: 33565, updated on 4-Apr-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    msl-2provided by FlyBase
    Official Full Name
    male-specific lethal 2provided by FlyBase
    Primary source
    FLYBASE:FBgn0005616
    Locus tag
    Dmel_CG3241
    See related
    AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0005616
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Drosophila melanogaster
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
    Also known as
    CG3241; Dmel\CG3241; km(2)A; kmA; msl; MSL; Msl 1-3; Msl-2; MSL-2; msl2; Msl2; MSL2
    Summary
    Enables DNA binding activity; chromatin binding activity; and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in dosage compensation; protein autoubiquitination; and protein polyubiquitination. Located in X chromosome and nuclear chromosome. Part of MSL complex and dosage compensation complex. Is expressed in several structures, including adult midgut; embryonic brain; and larval ventral nerve cord. Orthologous to human MSL2 (MSL complex subunit 2). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
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    Genomic context

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    Location:
    23F3-23F3; 2-10 cM
    Exon count:
    2
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    Release 6.54 current Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4) 2L NT_033779.5 (3462218..3466112, complement)
    Release 5.57 previous assembly Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2) 2L NT_033779.4 (3462218..3466112, complement)

    Chromosome 2L - NT_033779.5Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized protein Neighboring gene Component of oligomeric golgi complex 3 Neighboring gene Secretory 5 Neighboring gene uncharacterized protein Neighboring gene mir-4971 stem loop Neighboring gene NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) PDSW subunit Neighboring gene Pif1 DNA helicase

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Dosage compensation in Drosophila in the 1960s: a personal historical perspective. Lakhotia SC. J Genet, 2021. PMID 34622796
    2. Distinct mechanisms mediate X chromosome dosage compensation in Anopheles and Drosophila. Keller Valsecchi CI, et al. Life Sci Alliance, 2021 Sep. PMID 34266874, Free PMC Article
    3. PionX sites mark the X chromosome for dosage compensation. Villa R, et al. Nature, 2016 Sep 8. PMID 27580037
    4. From Gigabyte to Kilobyte: A Bioinformatics Protocol for Mining Large RNA-Seq Transcriptomics Data. Li J, et al. PLoS One, 2015. PMID 25902288, Free PMC Article
    5. X-to-autosome expression and msl-2 transcript abundance correlate among Drosophila melanogaster somatic tissues. Vensko Ii SP, et al. PeerJ, 2015. PMID 25737812, Free PMC Article

    See all (396) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Physical interaction between MSL2 and CLAMP assures direct cooperativity and prevents competition at composite binding sites.
      Title: Physical interaction between MSL2 and CLAMP assures direct cooperativity and prevents competition at composite binding sites.
    2. Structural basis for interaction between CLAMP and MSL2 proteins involved in the specific recruitment of the dosage compensation complex in Drosophila.
      Title: Structural basis for interaction between CLAMP and MSL2 proteins involved in the specific recruitment of the dosage compensation complex in Drosophila.
    3. RNA nucleation by MSL2 induces selective X chromosome compartmentalization.
      Title: RNA nucleation by MSL2 induces selective X chromosome compartmentalization.
    4. proper MSL2 positioning requires an interaction with either CLAMP or DNA to initiate dosage compensation in Drosophila males.
      Title: The simultaneous interaction of MSL2 with CLAMP and DNA provides redundancy in the initiation of dosage compensation in Drosophila males.
    5. hese are explained by physical interaction between MSL2 and CLAMP. In vivo, both factors cooperate to compete with nucleosome formation at HAS. The male-specific MSL2 thus synergises with a ubiquitous GA-repeat binding protein for refined X/autosome discrimination
      Title: Factor cooperation for chromosome discrimination in Drosophila.
    6. The data is consistent with a model where Hrp48 inhibits msl-2 translation by targeting eIF3d.
      Title: Hrp48 and eIF3d contribute to msl-2 mRNA translational repression.
    7. the only male-specific protein within the Male-Specific Lethal complex; in addition to regulating the X chromosome, targets autosomal genes involved in patterning and morphogenesis
      Title: Facultative dosage compensation of developmental genes on autosomes in Drosophila and mouse embryonic stem cells.
    8. HOW is required for SXL to retain msl2 transcripts in the nucleus
      Title: Sex-lethal promotes nuclear retention of msl2 mRNA via interactions with the STAR protein HOW.
    9. Solution structure of MSL2 CXC domain reveals an unusual Zn3Cys9 cluster and similarity to pre-SET domains of histone lysine methyltransferases.
      Title: Solution structure of MSL2 CXC domain reveals an unusual Zn3Cys9 cluster and similarity to pre-SET domains of histone lysine methyltransferases.
    10. MSL2 can fulfill its role as the central regulator of the faithful biogenesis and functionality of the dosage compensation(DC) machinery.
      Title: MSL2 combines sensor and effector functions in homeostatic control of the Drosophila dosage compensation machinery.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (25)

    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Homology

    mobile_element

    • Loc: c3463066-3462712 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}4974

    Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables DNA binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables DNA binding IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    contributes_to chromatin binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables chromatin binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables transcription factor binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in dosage compensation by hyperactivation of X chromosome IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in dosage compensation by hyperactivation of X chromosome NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in protein autoubiquitination IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in protein polyubiquitination IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in protein ubiquitination IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in protein ubiquitination IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in sex-chromosome dosage compensation IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    part_of MSL complex IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    part_of MSL complex IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    part_of MSL complex IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    part_of MSL complex IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    is_active_in X chromosome IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in X chromosome IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    part_of X chromosome located dosage compensation complex, transcription activating NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in chromosome IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    part_of dosage compensation complex IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in nuclear chromosome IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    male-specific lethal 2
    Names
    CG3241-PA
    CG3241-PB
    Male-Specific lethal 2
    killer of males
    killer-of-males-A
    male specifc lethal
    male specific lethal 2
    male specific-lethal 2
    male-specific-lethal 2
    male-specific-lethal-2
    males specific lethal 2
    msl-2-PA
    msl-2-PB

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    Genome Annotation

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference assembly

    Genomic

    1. NT_033779.5 Reference assembly

      Range
      3462218..3466112 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_164536.2 → NP_722907.1  male-specific lethal 2, isoform B [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_722907.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P50534, Q9VQR1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A4V038, A8B9Z4
      Related
      FBpp0077259
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      pfam16682
      Location:520 → 567
      MSL2-CXC; CXC domain of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MSL2
      pfam16685
      Location:39 → 111
      zf-RING_10; zinc RING finger of MSL2

    2. NM_078743.5 → NP_523467.1  male-specific lethal 2, isoform A [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_523467.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P50534, Q9VQR1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A4V038, A8B9Z4
      Related
      FBpp0077260
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      pfam16682
      Location:520 → 567
      MSL2-CXC; CXC domain of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MSL2
      pfam16685
      Location:39 → 111
      zf-RING_10; zinc RING finger of MSL2
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    A4V038 A4V038
    P50534.2 P50534

    Gene LinkOut

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