TXN thioredoxin [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: TXNprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name: thioredoxinprovided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:12435
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000136810 MIM:187700; AllianceGenome:HGNC:12435
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: TRX; TRDX; TRX1; TXN1; Trx80
Summary: The protein encoded by this gene acts as a homodimer and is involved in many redox reactions. The encoded protein is active in the reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteines in certain proteins, which is part of the response to intracellular nitric oxide. This protein is found in the cytoplasm. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]
Expression: Ubiquitous expression in esophagus (RPKM 218.4), colon (RPKM 150.6) and 24 other tissues See more
Orthologs: mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: 9q31.3

Exon count:: 5

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2023_10	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	9	NC_000009.12 (110243810..110256507, complement)
RS_2023_10	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	9	NC_060933.1 (122413340..122426045, complement)
105.20220307	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	9	NC_000009.11 (113006090..113018787, complement)

Chromosome 9 - NC_000009.12 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
BioProject: PRJEB4337
Publication: PMID 24309898
Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Structural basis for thioredoxin-mediated suppression of NLRP1 inflammasome.
Title: Structural basis for thioredoxin-mediated suppression of NLRP1 inflammasome.
The mRNA expression of genes encoding selected antioxidant enzymes and thioredoxin, and the concentrations of their protein products in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva during periodontitis.
Title: The mRNA expression of genes encoding selected antioxidant enzymes and thioredoxin, and the concentrations of their protein products in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva during periodontitis.
Nuclear Translocation of LDHA Promotes the Catabolism of BCAAs to Sustain GBM Cell Proliferation through the TxN Antioxidant Pathway.
Title: Nuclear Translocation of LDHA Promotes the Catabolism of BCAAs to Sustain GBM Cell Proliferation through the TxN Antioxidant Pathway.
Thioredoxin facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma stemness and metastasis by increasing BACH1 stability to activate the AKT/mTOR pathway.
Title: Thioredoxin facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma stemness and metastasis by increasing BACH1 stability to activate the AKT/mTOR pathway.
Thioredoxin 1 overexpression attenuated diabetes-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in Muller cells via apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1.
Title: Thioredoxin 1 overexpression attenuated diabetes-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in Müller cells via apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1.
Combined thioredoxin reductase and glutaminase inhibition exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity in MYC-high high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
Title: Combined thioredoxin reductase and glutaminase inhibition exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity in MYC-high high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
Upregulation of exofacial peroxiredoxin-thioredoxin system of lymphocytes and monocytes in preeclampsia.
Title: Upregulation of exofacial peroxiredoxin-thioredoxin system of lymphocytes and monocytes in preeclampsia.
Thioredoxin Signaling Pathways in Cancer.
Title: Thioredoxin Signaling Pathways in Cancer.
Expression of TRX1 optimizes the antitumor functions of human CAR T cells and confers resistance to a pro-oxidative tumor microenvironment.
Title: Expression of TRX1 optimizes the antitumor functions of human CAR T cells and confers resistance to a pro-oxidative tumor microenvironment.
Oxidized thioredoxin-1 restrains the NLRP1 inflammasome.
Title: Oxidized thioredoxin-1 restrains the NLRP1 inflammasome.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (272)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

HIV-1 interactions

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Replication interactions

Interaction	Pubs
HIV-1 assembly incorporates TXN (Trx1) and TXNRD1 (TrxR1) into viral particles	PubMed

Protein interactions

Protein	Gene	Interaction	Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120	env	Using specific anti-Trx monoclonal antibody significantly reduces HIV-1 entry and infection in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), suggesting Trx plays a great role in HIV-1 infection of MDMs	PubMed
	env	The ability of thioredoxin, a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), to reduce the disulfide bond in CD4 is enhanced in the presence of HIV-1 gp120 and thioredoxin also reduces disulfide bonds in gp120 directly in the absence of CD4	PubMed
	env	Cleavage of the CD4 domain 2 disulfide bond (Cys130-Cys159) by thioredoxin enhances HIV-1 gp120/gp41-mediated cell-cell fusion and virus entry	PubMed
	env	Thioredoxin cleaves the gp120 disulfide bond (Cys296-Cys331) in the V3 domain and the cleavage is enhanced by CD4-expressing cells	PubMed
Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41	env	Cleavage of the CD4 domain 2 disulfide bond (Cys130-Cys159) by thioredoxin enhances HIV-1 gp120/gp41-mediated cell-cell fusion and virus entry	PubMed
Nef	nef	HIV-1 Nef stabilizes the association of thioredoxin with ASK1, thereby inhibiting the catalytic activity of ASK1, Fas- and TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis, and activation of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase	PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

G54088 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:109325

RH70008 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:92713

D9S1707 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:78937

GDB:512873 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:157536

SHGC-35694 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:68743

RH70912 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:90777

TXN (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:480157

SHGC-145294 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:174500

RH71341 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:55281

GDB:593240 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:157946

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables RNA binding	HDA more info	PubMed
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables protein homodimerization activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables protein-disulfide reductase (NAD(P)H) activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables protein-disulfide reductase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) activity	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in activation of protein kinase B activity	IC Inferred by Curator more info	PubMed
involved_in cell redox homeostasis	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in cell redox homeostasis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular detoxification of hydrogen peroxide	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of protein export from nucleus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of DNA binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	IC Inferred by Curator more info	PubMed
involved_in response to nitric oxide	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in response to radiation	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in cytoplasm	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in cytosol	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info
located_in cytosol	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
located_in extracellular exosome	HDA more info	PubMed
located_in extracellular region	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleoplasm	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info
located_in nucleoplasm	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: thioredoxin

Names: ADF; ATL-derived factor; SASP; TXN delta 3; surface-associated sulphydryl protein; testicular tissue protein Li 199; thioredoxin delta 3

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001244938.2 → NP_001231867.1 thioredoxin isoform 2

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001231867.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an alternate in-frame exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has the same N- and C-termini but is shorter compared to isoform 1.

Source sequence(s)

AF065241, AL158158, AW160756, BC054866, BQ774337

Consensus CDS

CCDS59139.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P10599

Related

ENSP00000363639.5, ENST00000374515.9

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cl00388
Location:7 → 83

Thioredoxin_like; Protein Disulfide Oxidoreductases and Other Proteins with a Thioredoxin fold
NM_003329.4 → NP_003320.2 thioredoxin isoform 1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_003320.2

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).

Source sequence(s)

AL158158, BC054866, BQ774337

Consensus CDS

CCDS35103.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B1ALW1, O60744, P10599, Q53X69, Q96KI3, Q9UDG5

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

H9ZYJ2

Related

ENSP00000363641.5, ENST00000374517.6

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cd02947
Location:11 → 102

TRX_family; TRX family; composed of two groups: Group I, which includes proteins that exclusively encode a TRX domain; and Group II, which are composed of fusion proteins of TRX and additional domains. Group I TRX is a small ancient protein that alter the redox ...