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    CD28 CD28 molecule [ Homo sapiens ]

    Gene ID: 940, updated on 19-May-2012
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    Summary

    Official Symbol
    CD28provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    CD28 moleculeprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:1653
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000178562; HPRD:01727; MIM:186760; Vega:OTTHUMG00000132878
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    Tp44; MGC138290
    Summary
    The protein encoded by this gene is essential for T-cell proliferation and survival, cytokine production, and T-helper type-2 development. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]
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    Genomic context

    Location :
    2q33
    Sequence :
    Chromosome: 2; NC_000002.11 (204571198..204602557)
    See CD28 in Epigenomics, MapViewer

    Chromosome 2 - NC_000002.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene zinc finger protein 207 pseudogene Neighboring gene NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 4, 9kDa pseudogene Neighboring gene nucleophosmin (nucleolar phosphoprotein B23, numatrin) pseudogene Neighboring gene keratin 18 pseudogene 39

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    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Go to nucleotideGraphics FASTA GenBank

    Go to reference sequence details
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    Bibliography

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Human mucosal CD4+ T cells but not blood CD4+ T cells respond vigorously towards CD28 engagement. Schröder-Braunstein J, et al. Clin Exp Immunol, 2012 Apr. PMID 22385243.
    2. T cell-signaling network analysis reveals distinct differences between CD28 and CD2 costimulation responses in various subsets and in the MAPK pathway between resting and activated regulatory T cells. Kalland ME, et al. J Immunol, 2011 Nov 15. PMID 22013130.
    3. Binding of superantigen toxins into the CD28 homodimer interface is essential for induction of cytokine genes that mediate lethal shock. Arad G, et al. PLoS Biol, 2011 Sep. PMID 21931534.
    4. CD28 expressed on malignant plasma cells induces a prosurvival and immunosuppressive microenvironment. Nair JR, et al. J Immunol, 2011 Aug 1. PMID 21715687.
    5. Association of CTLA4, CD28 and ICOS gene polymorphisms with clinicopathologic characteristics of childhood IgA nephropathy in Korean population. Kim HJ, et al. J Genet, 2011 Apr. PMID 21677403.

    See all (235) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions What's a GeneRIF?

    1. we demonstrate that engagement of CD28, by a single monoclonal antibody strongly activates the lamina propria T lymphocytes but not peripheral blood T lymphocytes through a PI3-kinase dependent signalling pathway.
      Title: Human mucosal CD4+ T cells but not blood CD4+ T cells respond vigorously towards CD28 engagement.
    2. The constellation of specific alleles in CTLA-4, CD28, and ICOS genes contributes to the susceptibility and clinical course of non-small-cell lung cancer.
      Title: CTLA-4, CD28, and ICOS gene polymorphism associations with non-small-cell lung cancer.
    3. CD28 uses its homodimer interface to bind staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB).
      Title: Binding of superantigen toxins into the CD28 homodimer interface is essential for induction of cytokine genes that mediate lethal shock.
    4. CD28 costimulation specifically induces signaling necessary for proper NF-kappaB activation, whereas CD2 signals more strongly to S6-ribosomal protein.
      Title: T cell-signaling network analysis reveals distinct differences between CD28 and CD2 costimulation responses in various subsets and in the MAPK pathway between resting and activated regulatory T cells.
    5. CD28 IVS3 +17T>C polymorphism might be genetic susceptibility factor for cervical cancer in Chinese population.
      Title: Association of CD28 gene polymorphism with cervical cancer risk in a Chinese population.
    6. Prototypic T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is overexpressed on myeloma cells during disease progression and plays a previously unrecognized role as a two-way molecular bridge to support myeloid stromal cells in the microenvironment
      Title: CD28 expressed on malignant plasma cells induces a prosurvival and immunosuppressive microenvironment.
    7. polymorphisms of three major genes involved in the regulation of immune response, CTLA4, CD28 and ICOS might be involved in development of the clinical variables of IgAN
      Title: Association of CTLA4, CD28 and ICOS gene polymorphisms with clinicopathologic characteristics of childhood IgA nephropathy in Korean population.
    8. Demonstrate that women with polycystic ovary syndrome showed an expansion of CD4(+)CD28(null) T cells, an aggressive population of T lymphocytes that has been recently associated with recurrent coronary instability and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
      Title: CD4+CD28 null T lymphocytes are expanded in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
    9. T allele in CD28 IVS3 +17T/C polymorphism is associated with a susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in Western Mexico
      Title: Association of CD28 IVS3 +17T/C polymorphism with soluble CD28 in rheumatoid arthritis.
    10. Similar to B7-1 and B7-2, B7-H2 costimulation via CD28 induced survival factor Bcl-xL, downregulated cell cycle inhibitor p27(kip1), and triggered signaling cascade of ERK and AKT kinase-dependent pathways
      Title: B7-h2 is a costimulatory ligand for CD28 in human.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all (146)
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    Phenotypes

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Multiple common variants for celiac disease influencing immune gene expression.

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    HIV-1 protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env The binding of HIV-1 gp120 to CD4 molecules on T cells interrupts the sequential cascade of intercellular interactions involving antigen/MHC class II-TCR/CD4, CD40L-CD40, and B71-CD28 PubMed
    env In the presence of HIV-1 gp120, stimulation through the CD28 pathway partially restores IL-2 and IFN-gamma production by T cell lines in response to anti-CD3 antibodies PubMed
    env Molecular interactions of CD2 with LFA-3 and CD28 with B7-1 in conjunction with TCR occupancy prevent T cells from programmed apoptosis mediated by binding of CD4 to HIV-1 gp120, resulting in increased levels of IL-2 and IL-4 secretion from the T cells PubMed
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor env Antibodies against cell surface molecules LFA-1, ICAM-1, HLA-DR, and CD28 inhibit the HIV-1 gp160-induced B cell differentiation response; gp160 also induces IL-6R and CD23 molecule expression on B cells PubMed
    Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 env HIV-1 gp41 peptide (amino acids 581-597) inhibits lymphoproliferation stimulated via the T-cell-activation molecules CD3, CD2, and CD28, as well as via direct stimulation mediated by phorbol ester combined with ionomycin PubMed
    Nef nef HIV-1 Nef directly interacts with clathrin adaptor complexes (AP) to downregulate numerous cellular proteins, including CD4, MHC-I, LIGHT, DC-SIGN, CD28 and MHC-II, by misrouting them to the endosomal degradation compartment or the trans Golgi-network PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef upregulates IL-2 secretion and HIV-1 transcription in T cells stimulated via CD3 or CD28 PubMed
    nef Amino acid residues 57-59 in HIV-1 Nef interact with the cytoplasmic domain at positions 185-193 of CD28, resulting in CD28 downregulation by endocytosis via the AP-2 pathway PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef downregulates CD28, a major co-stimulatory receptor that mediates effective T-cell activation, by accelerating CD28 endocytosis via the AP-2 pathway PubMed
    nef HIV-1 group N and group O Nef alleles only weakly downregulate CD4, CD28, and class I and II MHC molecules PubMed
    nef CD28 co-localizes with the AP-2 clathrin adaptor and an HIV-1 Nef-GFP fusion protein PubMed
    Tat tat HIV-1 Tat interacts with CD3 and CD28 to co-stimulate IL-2 and IL-8 expression PubMed
    tat Recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to CD28 inhibits HIV-1 Tat-mediated transcription PubMed
    Vpr vpr HIV-1 Vpr significantly downregulates CD28 expression in infected T cells PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database

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    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description
    NP_006130.1 NP_005182.1 CD80    BIND  PubMed CD80 interacts with CD28. 
    NP_006130.1 NP_004801.1 GRAP2    BIND  PubMed GRAP2 (GRID) interacts with CD28. 
    NP_006130.1 NP_006169.1 NSF    BIND  PubMed CD28 interacts with NSF. 
    P10747 P20963 CD247    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 P01730 CD4    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 P33681 CD80    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 P42081 CD86    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 O95147 DUSP14    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 O75791 GRAP2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 P62993 GRB2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 P29459 IL12A    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 Q08881 ITK    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 P06239 LCK    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 Q53EV4 LRRC23    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 P46459 NSF    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 P48736 PIK3CG    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 P27986 PIK3R1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 O00459 PIK3R2    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 P19174 PLCG1    HPRD  PubMed  
    P10747 P08575 PTPRC    HPRD  PubMed  
    BioGRID:107378 BioGRID:107379 CD80    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:107378 BioGRID:116255 DUSP14    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:107378 BioGRID:114799 GRAP2    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid 
    BioGRID:107378 BioGRID:109142 GRB2    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:107378 BioGRID:200046 Grb2    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western 
    BioGRID:107378 BioGRID:115527 LRRC23    BioGRID  PubMed Reconstituted Complex 
    BioGRID:107378 BioGRID:111313 PIK3R1    BioGRID  PubMed Affinity Capture-Western; Protein-peptide 
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    General gene information

    Markers

    Genotypes

    Homology

    Pathways from BioSystems

    • Adaptive Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Adaptive Immune System, organism-specific biosystemAdaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response efficiently involved in clearing the pathogens. The adaptive immune system is comprised of B and T lymphocytes that express receptors with...
    • Allograft rejection, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Allograft rejection, organism-specific biosystemAllograft rejection is the consequence of the recipient's alloimmune response to nonself antigens expressed by donor tissues. After transplantation of organ allografts, there are two pathways of anti...
    • Allograft rejection, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Allograft rejection, conserved biosystemAllograft rejection is the consequence of the recipient's alloimmune response to nonself antigens expressed by donor tissues. After transplantation of organ allografts, there are two pathways of anti...
    • Autoimmune thyroid disease, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Autoimmune thyroid disease, organism-specific biosystemThe classification of autoimmune throid disease (AITD) includes Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and its variants, Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune atrophic thyroidi...
    • Autoimmune thyroid disease, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Autoimmune thyroid disease, conserved biosystemThe classification of autoimmune throid disease (AITD) includes Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and its variants, Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune atrophic thyroidi...
    • CD28 co-stimulation, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      CD28 co-stimulation, organism-specific biosystemIn naive T cells, CD28 costimulation enhances cell cycle entry, potently stimulates expression of both the mitogenic lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor, and stimulates the activation o...
    • CD28 dependent PI3K/Akt signaling, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      CD28 dependent PI3K/Akt signaling, organism-specific biosystemPI3Ks can be activated by a number of different receptors, including the TcR (T cell receptor), co-stimulatory receptors (CD28), cytokine receptors and chemokine receptors. However, the specific role...
    • CD28 dependent Vav1 pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      CD28 dependent Vav1 pathway, organism-specific biosystemCD28 binds to several intracellular proteins including PI3 kinase, Grb-2, Gads and ITK. Grb-2 specifically co-operates with Vav-1 in the up-regulation of NFAT/AP-1 transcription. CD28 costimulation r...
    • Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), organism-specific biosystemCell adhesion molecules are (glyco)proteins expressed on the cell surface and play a critical role in a wide array of biologic processes that include hemostasis, the immune response, inflammation, em...
    • Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), conserved biosystemCell adhesion molecules are (glyco)proteins expressed on the cell surface and play a critical role in a wide array of biologic processes that include hemostasis, the immune response, inflammation, em...
    • Costimulation by the CD28 family, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Costimulation by the CD28 family, organism-specific biosystemOptimal activation of T-lymphocytes requires at least two signals. A primary one is delivered by the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex after antigen recognition and additional costimulatory signals are d...
    • Disease, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Disease, organism-specific biosystemBiological processes are captured in Reactome by identifying the molecules (DNA, RNA, protein, small molecules) involved in them and describing the details of their interactions. From this molecular ...
    • Graft-versus-host disease, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Graft-versus-host disease, organism-specific biosystemGraft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a lethal complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) where immunocompetent donor T cells attack the genetically disparate host cells....
    • Graft-versus-host disease, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Graft-versus-host disease, conserved biosystemGraft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a lethal complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) where immunocompetent donor T cells attack the genetically disparate host cells....
    • HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      HIV Infection, organism-specific biosystemThe global pandemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has resulted in tens of millions of people infected by the virus and millions more affected. UNAIDS estimates around 40 million ...
    • Host Interactions of HIV factors, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Host Interactions of HIV factors, organism-specific biosystemLike all viruses, HIV-1 must co-opt the host cell macromolecular transport and processing machinery. HIV-1 Vpr and Rev proteins play key roles in this co-optation. Efficient HIV-1 replication likewis...
    • IL12 signaling mediated by STAT4, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      IL12 signaling mediated by STAT4, organism-specific biosystem
      IL12 signaling mediated by STAT4
    • Immune System, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Immune System, organism-specific biosystemHumans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first crit...
    • Inflammatory Response Pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Inflammatory Response Pathway, organism-specific biosystem
      Inflammatory Response Pathway
    • Intestinal immune network for IgA production, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Intestinal immune network for IgA production, organism-specific biosystemThe intestine is the largest lymphoid tissue in the body. One striking feature of intestinal immunity is its ability to generate great amounts of noninflammatory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies tha...
    • Intestinal immune network for IgA production, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Intestinal immune network for IgA production, conserved biosystemThe intestine is the largest lymphoid tissue in the body. One striking feature of intestinal immunity is its ability to generate great amounts of noninflammatory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies tha...
    • Measles, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Measles, organism-specific biosystemMeasles virus (MV) is highly contagious virus that leads infant death worldwide. Humans are the unique natural reservoir for this virus. It causes severe immunosuppression favouring secondary bacteri...
    • Measles, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Measles, conserved biosystemMeasles virus (MV) is highly contagious virus that leads infant death worldwide. Humans are the unique natural reservoir for this virus. It causes severe immunosuppression favouring secondary bacteri...
    • Nef mediated downregulation of CD28 cell surface expression, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Nef mediated downregulation of CD28 cell surface expression, organism-specific biosystemDown-regulation of CD28 receptors involves a dileucine-based motif in the second disordered loop of Nef, which connects Nef to adaptor protein (AP) complex, which is a part of cellular endocytosis ma...
    • Nef-mediates down modulation of cell surface receptors by recruiting them to clathrin adapters, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      Nef-mediates down modulation of cell surface receptors by recruiting them to clathrin adapters, organism-specific biosystemThe maximal virulence of HIV-1 requires Nef, a virally encoded peripheral membrane protein. Nef binds to the adaptor protein (AP) complexes of coated vesicles, inducing an expansion of the endosomal ...
    • Rheumatoid arthritis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Rheumatoid arthritis, organism-specific biosystemRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune joint disease where persistent inflammation affects bone remodeling leading to progressive bone destruction. In RA, abnormal activation of the immune...
    • Rheumatoid arthritis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Rheumatoid arthritis, conserved biosystemRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune joint disease where persistent inflammation affects bone remodeling leading to progressive bone destruction. In RA, abnormal activation of the immune...
    • Systemic lupus erythematosus, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Systemic lupus erythematosus, organism-specific biosystemSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterised by the production of IgG autoantibodies that are specific for self-antigens, such as DNA, nuclear proteins and cert...
    • Systemic lupus erythematosus, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Systemic lupus erythematosus, conserved biosystemSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterised by the production of IgG autoantibodies that are specific for self-antigens, such as DNA, nuclear proteins and cert...
    • T cell receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      T cell receptor signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemActivation of T lymphocytes is a key event for an efficient response of the immune system. It requires the involvement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) as well as costimulatory molecules such as CD28. En...
    • T cell receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      T cell receptor signaling pathway, conserved biosystemActivation of T lymphocytes is a key event for an efficient response of the immune system. It requires the involvement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) as well as costimulatory molecules such as CD28. En...
    • TCR signaling in naive CD4+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      TCR signaling in naive CD4+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem
      TCR signaling in naive CD4+ T cells
    • TCR signaling in naive CD8+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem (from Pathway Interaction Database)
      TCR signaling in naive CD8+ T cells, organism-specific biosystem
      TCR signaling in naive CD8+ T cells
    • The role of Nef in HIV-1 replication and disease pathogenesis, organism-specific biosystem (from REACTOME)
      The role of Nef in HIV-1 replication and disease pathogenesis, organism-specific biosystemThe HIV-1 Nef protein is a 27-kDa myristoylated protein that is abundantly produced during the early phase of viral replication cycle. It is highly conserved in all primate lentiviruses, suggesting t...
    • Type I diabetes mellitus, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Type I diabetes mellitus, organism-specific biosystemType I diabetes mellitus is a disease that results from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells. Certain beta-cell proteins act as autoantigens after being processed by antigen-pre...
    • Type I diabetes mellitus, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Type I diabetes mellitus, conserved biosystemType I diabetes mellitus is a disease that results from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells. Certain beta-cell proteins act as autoantigens after being processed by antigen-pre...
    • Viral myocarditis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Viral myocarditis, organism-specific biosystemMyocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. It results from various etiologies, both noninfectious and infectious, but coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is stil...

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    SH3/SH2 adaptor activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    coreceptor activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    identical protein binding NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    protease binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    protein homodimerization activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    T cell activation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    T cell costimulation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    cell surface receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    cytokine biosynthetic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    humoral immune response TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    immune response IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    negative thymic T cell selection IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of T cell proliferation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of T cell proliferation ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of T cell proliferation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of anti-apoptosis TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of mitosis IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of mitosis ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    positive regulation of translation NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    positive regulation of viral genome replication NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    regulation of defense response to virus by virus TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    regulatory T cell differentiation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    viral reproduction TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    cytosol TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    external side of plasma membrane IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    integral to plasma membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    membrane raft IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    plasma membrane IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    plasma membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
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    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28
    Names
    T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28
    CD28 antigen
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    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_029618.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5001..37438
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001243077.1 → NP_001230006.1  T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 isoform 2 precursor

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternate, in-frame donor splice site at one of the coding exons compared to variant 1. This results in a shorter isoform (2) missing an internal protein segment compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA311148, AC125238, AF222341, AK303421, AW241446, BF509568, DA939711, J02988
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B4E0L1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P10747
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cl11960
      Location:21 – 42
      Blast Score: 76
      Ig; Immunoglobulin domain

    2. NM_001243078.1 → NP_001230007.1  T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 isoform 3 precursor

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an in-frame coding exon compared to variant 1. This results in a shorter isoform (3) missing an internal protein segment compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA311148, AC125238, AF222342, AK303421, AW241446, BF509568, DA939711, J02988
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B4E0L1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P10747

    3. NM_006139.3 → NP_006130.1  T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 isoform 1 precursor

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the predominant transcript, and encodes the longest isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      AA311148, AC125238, AK292986, AW241446, BF509568, DA939711, J02988
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS2361.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P10747
      Related
      ENSP00000324890, OTTHUMP00000163782, ENST00000324106, OTTHUMT00000256366
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd05721
      Location:21 – 136
      Blast Score: 521
      IgV_CTLA-4; Immunoglobulin (Ig) domain of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)
      smart00406
      Location:36 – 114
      Blast Score: 163
      IGv; Immunoglobulin V-Type

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Build 37.3

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh37.p5 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000002.11 Reference GRCh37.p5 Primary Assembly

      Range
      204571198..204602557
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate HuRef

    Genomic

    1. AC_000134.1 Alternate HuRef

      Range
      196418462..196449821
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
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    Related Sequences

    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    genomic AC125238.5 AAY24123.1
    genomic AF411057.1 AAL40931.1
    genomic CH471063.1 EAW70347.1
      EAW70348.1
      EAW70349.1
      EAW70350.1
      EAW70351.1
    genomic EF064755.1 ABK41938.1
    genomic M37815.1 AAA51944.1
      AAA51945.1
    mRNA AA311148.1 None
    mRNA AF222341.1 AAF33792.1
    mRNA AF222342.1 AAF33793.1
    mRNA AF222343.1 AAF33794.1
    mRNA AJ295273.1 CAC29237.1
    mRNA AJ517504.1 CAD57003.1
    mRNA AK292986.1 BAF85675.1
    mRNA AK303421.1 BAG64473.1
    mRNA AK313313.1 BAG36118.1
    mRNA AW241446.1 None
    mRNA BC093698.1 AAH93698.1
    mRNA BC112085.1 AAI12086.1
    mRNA BF509568.1 None
    mRNA DA939711.1 None
    mRNA J02988.1 AAA60581.1
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P10747.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P10747
    Q70WG0 GenPept UniProtKB/TrEMBL:Q70WG0
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