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Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120
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env
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A fusion protein between HIV-1 gp120 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is capable of spontaneous assembly into virus-like particles and exhibits high affinity binding to CD4 |
PubMed
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env
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The ability of thioredoxin, a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), to reduce the disulfide bond in CD4 is enhanced in the presence of HIV-1 gp120 |
PubMed
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env
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The V3 domain of HIV-1 gp120 induces associations between CD4 and CCR5 receptors in cholesterol-rich microenvironments |
PubMed
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env
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Bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL), a Lewis X (LeX)-containing glycoprotein found in human milk, binds to DC-SIGN and inhibits the interaction of gp120 with CD4 |
PubMed
|
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env
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HIV-1 gp120-induced Ca(2+) fluxing is CD4 dependent and coreceptor specific, and is mediated by the CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors |
PubMed
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env
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HIV-1 gp120 specifically recognizes the C-terminal heparin-binding domain of fibronectin (Fn) and this binding inhibits the interaction of gp120 with soluble CD4 |
PubMed
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env
|
Glycolipids such as galactosylceramides, sulfogalactoceramides, globotriosylceramide, and gangliosides play an important role as HIV-1 fusion cofactors following the interaction of CD4 and HIV-1 gp120 |
PubMed
|
|
env
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Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15) binds to CD4, a T-cell co-receptor involved in antigen recognition, thereby inhibiting the ability of the receptor to interact with the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 |
PubMed
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env
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Co-expression of CD4 and DC-SIGN in Raji cells promotes internalization and intracellular retention of HIV-1 through interaction with HIV-1 gp120 |
PubMed
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env
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Expression of CD4 on Raji B cells strongly inhibits DC-SIGN-mediated HIV-1 transmission to T cells, presumably through interaction with HIV-1 gp120 |
PubMed
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env
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CCR5- or CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 induce Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and this induction is inhibited by the blockade of gp120/CD4 interactions with antibodies to CD4 |
PubMed
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env
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CD4-expressing human T cell lines induce significant and rapid conformational changes in gp120-gp41 from T cell-tropic HIV-1 strains, and little conformational changes in gp120-gp41 from macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strains |
PubMed
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env
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CD38 expression blocks lymphocyte susceptibility to HIV-1 infection by inhibiting HIV-1 gp120/CD4-dependent viral binding to target cells |
PubMed
|
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env
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The interaction between exposed cyclophilin A (CypA) and cell surface heparans represents the initial step of HIV-1 attachment and is a necessary step for HIV-1 gp120 binding to CD4 |
PubMed
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env
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Antibodies to LFA-3 block the early stages of HIV-1 infection by cell-free virus following HIV-1 gp120 binding to CD4 |
PubMed
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env
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The binding of HIV-1 gp120 to CD4 molecules on T cells interrupts the sequential cascade of intercellular interactions involving antigen/MHC class II-TCR/CD4, CD40L-CD40, and B71-CD28 |
PubMed
|
|
env
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Alpha-defensins inhibit the binding of HIV-1 gp120 to CD4 through interaction with the D1 domain of CD4 |
PubMed
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env
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The chemokine receptor CCR5 is posttranslationally modified by sulfation of its N-terminal tyrosines; sulfated tyrosines contribute to the binding of CCR5 to MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, and HIV-1 gp120/CD4 complexes and to the ability of HIV-1 to enter cells |
PubMed
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env
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T-tropic HIV-1 gp120s are capable of priming phorbol ester (PMA) induced co-down-modulation of gp120 complexes with tailless CD4 by interacting with CXCR4, whereas M-tropic gp120 are not, even in the presence of CCR5 |
PubMed
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env
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Antibodies to specific epitopes of the CCR5 or CXCR4 chemokine receptors inhibit the entry of M-tropic, T-tropic, or dual-tropic HIV-1 into target cells by blocking the interaction of the receptors with the HIV-1 gp120/CD4 complex |
PubMed
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env
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The cis expression of DC-SIGN on multiple lymphoid cell lines enables more efficient entry and replication of CXCR4-tropic and CCR5/CXCR4 dual-tropic HIV-1 through its binding to the HIV-1 gp120-CD4-CXCR4 complex |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Human C" beta strand (amino acids 42-47) of CD4, particularly Phe-43, plays a crucial role in HIV-1 coreceptor function as well as in HIV-1 gp120-CD4 binding capacity |
PubMed
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|
env
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HIV-1 gp120 interacts with CD4 and alphavbeta3 in peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages; neutralizing antibodies against the alphavbeta3 integrin interfere with the coprecipitation of alphavbeta3 with an anti-gp120 antibody |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Syncytial apoptosis mediated by the fusion of cells expressing HIV-1 gp120 with cells expressing the CD4/CXCR4 receptor/coreceptor complex causes phosphorylation of p53 on serine 15 and Bax upregulation |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Expression of the human CD4 receptor in murine T-cells is sufficient for syncytia formation with HIV-1 envelope expressing cells and entry of MLV/HIV pseudotyped retroviral vectors, suggesting that the murine CXCR4 is a functional coreceptor |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
CD4(+)CD45RO(+) cells display high HIV-1 gp120-binding capacity, whereas CD4(+)CD45RO(-) cells show undetectable HIV-1 gp120 binding |
PubMed
|
|
env
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The physiological levels of cell-surface CD4 interfere with HIV-1 replication in T cells by a mechanism that inhibits HIV-1 gp120 envelope incorporation into viral membranes |
PubMed
|
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env
|
Adsorption of multivalent gp120-containing HIV-1 virion particles into CD4+ T lymphocytes results in segregation of CD4 and CXCR4 into distinct lipid microdomains |
PubMed
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env
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Protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) cleaves disulfide bonds in recombinant HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120, and gp120 bound to the surface receptor CD4 undergoes a disulfide reduction that is prevented by PDI inhibitors |
PubMed
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env
|
Retrocyclin binds to soluble CD4 and HIV-1 gp120, colocalizes with CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5, and inhibits replication of CCR5-tropic and CXCR4-tropic strains of HIV-1 in human cells, presumably through inhibition of gp120-CD4 binding |
PubMed
|
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env
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HIV-1 gp120-mediated CD4 engagement is involved in the induction of susceptibility of primary human T lymphocytes to CD95-mediated apoptosis through ezrin phosphorylation and ezrin-to-CD95 association |
PubMed
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env
|
Galectin-1, a dimeric beta-galactoside-binding protein, promotes infection with CCR5-tropic, CXCR4-tropic, and CCR5/CXCR4 dual-tropic HIV-1 variants by facilitating attachment of HIV-1 gp120 to CD4 at the cell surface |
PubMed
|
|
env
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The binding of HIV-1 gp120 to CD4+-permissive cells increases the level of acetylated alpha-tubulin in a CD4-dependent manner; overexpression of Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibits the acetylation of alpha-tubulin and prevents HIV-1-cell fusion |
PubMed
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|
env
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Griffithsin isolated from an aqueous extract of the red alga Griffithsia species blocks CD4-dependent HIV-1 gp120 binding to receptor-expressing cells and binds to viral coat glycoproteins (gp120, gp41, and gp160) in a glycosylation-dependent manner |
PubMed
|
|
env
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CD4-p56Lck interaction is required for HIV-1 gp120-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in HeLa cells |
PubMed
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env
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The inhibition of IL-2R expression and proliferation induced by the interaction of CD4 with HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 is correlated with the inhibition of expression and activation of Janus kinase JAK3 |
PubMed
|
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env
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The level of HIV-1 gp120-mediated syncytium formation and infectivity is enhanced in the presence of neuraminidase (NA) and involves the interaction between gp120, CD4, and chemokine coreceptors |
PubMed
|
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env
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The fusion of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) with stromal cell-derived factor I or alpha1 proteinase inhibitor has the capacity to compete with the binding of HIV-1 gp120 to CD4 receptor |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to CD4 receptor induces p56lck activation and zeta-chain (TCR) associated protein kinase 70kDa desensitization independent of TCR tyrosine phosphorylation |
PubMed
|
|
env
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The first two domains (amino acid residues 1-177) of human CD4 bind effectively to HIV-1 gp120, and most residues interacting with gp120 lie within amino acids 21-64; the COOH-terminal half of the molecule is not necessary |
PubMed
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env
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Cell-cell contact between T cells expressing HIV-1 gp120/gp41 and other T cells expressing CD4 receptors leads to the rapid accumulation of cyclin B and tyrosine-hyperphosphorylated p34cdc2 (cdk1) kinase, indicative of cell cycle arrest at G2 phase |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
LFA-1 adhesion molecules are not involved in the early stages of cell membrane fusion mediated by the interaction of gp120 with CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Pretreatment of HIV-1 infected cells with TNF alpha augments syncytia formation mediated by the interaction of HIV-1 gp120 with cell surface CD4 molecules |
PubMed
|
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env
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Interaction of HIV-1 gp120 with cell-associated CD4 leads to the induction of IFN alpha; preincubation of cells with anti-CD4 or the presence of soluble CD4 during incubation inhibits IFN alpha induction |
PubMed
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env
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A high affinity interaction between the HIV-1 glycoprotein gp120/gp41 complex and the cellular receptor CD4 is necessary for both virus-cell and cell-cell fusion; the V3 region (amino acids 301-336) of gp120 and gp41 amino terminus are involved in fusion |
PubMed
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|
env
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Several polyanionic anti-HIV compounds, including dextran sulfate, pentosan polysulfate, heparin, aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), suramin, and Evans blue, interact with HIV-1 gp120 to block the binding of gp120 to CD4 |
PubMed
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|
env
|
A 287 residue variant of HIV-1 gp120 (ENV59) missing 197 amino acids binds to CD4 with high affinity |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Mutation of two basic amino acids Lys46 and Arg59 in CD4 dramatically disrupts its ability to bind HIV-1 gp120 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Two disulfide bonds linking cysteine residues at positions 378 and 445 and positions 385 and 418 in the carboxyl terminus of HIV-1 gp120 contribute to CD4 binding |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Amino acid residues (102-126) and (425-452) of HIV-1 gp120 contribute to the binding site for CD4 and are expected to be juxtaposed in the folded gp120 chain |
PubMed
|
|
env
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Crosslinking of HIV-1 gp120 on human CD4+ T cells followed by signaling through the TCR results in activation-induced apoptosis |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Cleavage at position R315 of HIV-1 gp120 by thrombin is enhanced by soluble CD4 binding |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
HIV-1 gp120 induces the dissociation of p56lck from CD4 and the downregulation of CD4 from the cellular surface |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Cleavage of HIV-1 gp120 with trypsin at residue 432 destroys CD4 binding |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Inhibition of HIV-1 binding to CD4 by suramin is reversed by human albumin, suggesting that only free suramin has antiviral properties |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
HIV-1 gp120-CD4 interaction is necessary to repress HIV-1 long terminal repeat-dependent luciferase activity; the cytoplasmic domain of CD4 is found to be required for this effect to occur |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to CD4 molecules in cells results in the association of Lck and Raf-1, which is abolished by preincubation of the virus with soluble CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Apoptosis of CD4+ lymphocytes induced by HIV-1 gp120 cross-linking to CD4 is inhibited by IL-12 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
CXCR4, a 45kDa cellular membrane protein, interacts with the cell surface HIV-1 gp120-CD4 complex and acts as a coreceptor to preferentially support T cell line-tropic HIV-1 Env-mediated cell fusion and HIV-1 infection |
PubMed
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|
env
|
HIV-1 gp120 stimulates monocytes to release TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, and this effect can be blocked with soluble CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
A CD4 peptide (amino acids 74-95) inhibits the binding of gp120 to CD4+ human lymphoblastic leukemia (CEM) cells |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Through binding to cell surface CD4, both HIV-1 gp120 and gp160 inhibit syncytia formation between HIV-1-infected cells and CD4+ cells |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Chimpanzee CD4 molecules bearing the human amino acid at position 87 support syncytium formation, while human CD4 molecules bearing the chimpanzee residue at position 87 do not; HIV-1 gp120 binding to CD4 is not affected by the substitution at position 87 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Expression of a soluble CD4 mutant molecule lacking transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains blocks secretion of HIV-1 gp120 and surface expression of HIV-1 gp120 and gp41 from the endoplasmic reticulum |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Binding of recombinant soluble CD4 (sCD4), the purified V1 domain of sCD4, or neutralizing antibodies to the HIV-1 surface glycoprotein gp120 on virions results in rapid dissociation of gp120 from its complex with the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) pretreatment of CD4+ cells prevents subsequent HIV-1 gp120-induced downregulation of CD4 receptor molecules |
PubMed
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|
env
|
A specific interaction between CD4 and HIV-1 gp120 is required for phosphorylation of CD4, which could involve protein kinase C |
PubMed
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|
env
|
HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 can specifically inhibit CD4-dependent class II MHC-restricted T cell response to Antigens |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to defined peptide epitopes or N-linked glycans in HIV-1 gp120 inhibit the binding of gp120 to CD4 and exhibit neutralizing activities against HIV-1 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
95- and 25-kDa peptides derived from the disulfide bond reduction of HIV-1 gp120 bind to human CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
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Release of neurotoxins from monocytes through HIV-1 gp120 stimulation involves CD4 receptors; toxin production can be inhibited either by a monoclonal antibody to the CD4-binding region of gp120 or by soluble CD4 receptors |
PubMed
|
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env
|
Calcium ions are required for cell fusion mediated by interactions between CD4 and HIV-1 gp120/gp41; EDTA and EGTA block cell fusion in culture media containing calcium ions |
PubMed
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|
env
|
The third complementarity-determining region (CDR3; residues 79-96) within domain 1 of the human CD4 molecule plays a critical role in membrane fusion mediated by the interaction of CD4 with HIV-1 gp120 |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Binding of HIV-1 gp120 to the CD4 receptor molecule results in co-stimulation of CD3-induced T cell activation |
PubMed
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env
|
CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) cleaves the highly conserved V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 and functions as a cofactor for entry of HIV-1 in CD4+ human cells; coexpression of human CD4 and CD26 in murine NIH 3T3 cells renders them permissive to HIV-1 |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Cells expressing a chimeric molecule consisting of the first 177 residues of CD4 attached to residues from the hinge, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains of CD8 are susceptible to fusion with cells expressing HIV-1 gp120 |
PubMed
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env
|
Expression of the HIV-1 envelope gene in CD4+ T cell lines and binding of HIV-1 gp120 to CD4 is sufficient for the induction of apoptosis |
PubMed
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env
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Combinations of CD4-based molecules and antibodies to HIV-1 gp120 and/or gp41 inhibit cell fusion formation mediated by the interaction of CD4 to gp120 |
PubMed
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env
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Following incubation with a soluble form of CD4, gp120 of highly purified HIV-1 preparations is cleaved without addition of exogenous proteinase, yielding two proteins of 50 and 70 kDa; this cleavage likely occurs in the gp120 V3 loop |
PubMed
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env
|
Mutants with amino acid changes in the V1/V2 region (residues 131-196) of the HIV-1 gp120 are able to bind CD4 but are deficient in syncytium formation and/or virus entry |
PubMed
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env
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Downmodulation of the interaction between HIV-1 gp120 and CD4 by TPA is blocked by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, suggesting PKC may play an important role in HIV-1 infection |
PubMed
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env
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12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) down-modulates the expression of CD4, which is essential for syncytia formation through interaction with the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 |
PubMed
|
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env
|
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 binds to the cell surface receptor CD4 or soluble CD4; the carbohydrates present on gp120 are necessary for CD4 binding during HIV-1 entry |
PubMed
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|
env
|
HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp160 directly and specifically impair the CD3/TcR-mediated activation of phospholipase C (PLC) via the CD4 molecule in uninfected T cells |
PubMed
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env
|
Small molecules, termed N-carbomethoxycarbonyl-prolyl-phenylalanyl benzyl esters (CPFs), block the binding of gp120 to CD4, but do not interfere with the binding of CD4 to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules |
PubMed
|
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env
|
HIV-1 gp120 with substitution of cysteines 296, 331, 418 or 445 on fails to bind to CD4 |
PubMed
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env
|
The N-terminal region of HIV-1 gp120 contains conserved residues (amino acids 56-62 and 108-116) critical for binding to CD4 |
PubMed
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env
|
Changes in two hydrophobic regions (Thr-257 and Trp-427) and two hydrophilic regions (Asp-368, Glu-370, and Asp-457) of HIV-1 gp120 result in significant reductions in CD4 binding |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Amino acid residues 42-49 and 54-57 in the V1 region of CD4 are involved in the interaction of CD4 with both HIV-1 gp120 and class II major histocompatibility complex molecules |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Mutations at four locations (amino acids 29, 59-64, 77-81, and 85) outside the antigen-complementarity-determining region (CDR2)-like sequence of CD4 markedly affect HIV-1 gp120 binding |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Removal of the N-linked sugars on HIV-1 gp120 by endoglycosidase H treatment results in deglycosylated proteins that are unable to bind to CD4, suggesting that glycosylation contributes to the ability of gp120 to bind to CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Deletion analysis shows that amino acid regions 82-95, 386-389, 424-432, and 487-499 constitute a part of the HIV-1 gp120 binding region to CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
HIV-1 gp120/160 deglycosylated by Endo H and Endo F still binds to CD4, indicating that the carbohydrates of gp120/160 do not play a significant role in the in vitro binding to CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
HIV-1 gp120 suppresses T and B cell activation and the expression of cytolytic activities through its interaction with CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
HIV-1 gp120 and class II MHC binding sites of CD4 are distinct and can be separated |
PubMed
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|
env
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A single amino-acid change (cysteine 402 or tryptophan 432) in HIV-1 gp120 can abrogate CD4 binding |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Soluble CD4 can bind to HIV-1 gp120 and block HIV-1 infectivity |
PubMed
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|
env
|
Amino acid sequences 397-439 in HIV-1 gp120 are directly involved in the binding of gp120 to the CD4 receptor |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Synthetic peptides as agonists of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 or CD4 receptor block the binding of gp120 and CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Anti-CD4 antibodies are capable of neutralizing HIV-1 strains or blocking the binding of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and cell surface receptor CD4 |
PubMed
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env
|
The CCR5 chemokine receptor is required for the entry of macrophage-tropic HIV-1 into target cells; the HIV-1 gp120-CD4 complex binds CCR5, which inhibits the binding of the natural CCR5 ligands macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta |
PubMed
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env
|
Antibodies to specific epitopes of HIV-1 gp120 block the interaction of CCR5 with the gp120/CD4 complex, suggesting that a CD4-mediated conformational change in gp120 is required for subsequent binding to CCR5 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
HIV-1 gp120 induces a specific phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation in lymphocytes through binding to CD4, but this effect is not sufficient to accomplish virus/cell fusion |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Contact of CD4+ T cells with HIV-1 infected or HIV-1 gp120-expressing cells induces PARP hydrolysis, which leads to the cleavage of 116 kDa PARP into two fragments |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Apoptosis induced by HIV-1 gp120/CD4 cross-linking in Th1 clones is inhibited by anti-CD95 or anti-CD95L neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, as well as by a specific interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitor |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
HIV-1 gp120 induces CD4 association with lymphocyte surface molecules CD3, CD11a, CD27, CD45RA, CD45RB, CD45RO, CD49d, CD38, CD26, CD59, CD95 and class I MHC molecules |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
IL-16 induces rapid translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the membrane in CD4+ cells; PKC inhibitors completely block IL-16-induced lymphocyte migration as well as the motile response induced by HIV-1 gp120 and anti-CD4 antibody binding to CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Small molecules exhibit strong anti-HIV-1 activity by binding specifically to both HIV-1 gp120 and/or cell surface receptors (CD4, CCR5, CXCR4) and prevent gp120/CD4/CCR5 and gp120/CD4/CXCR4 complex formation and cell-cell fusion |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
CD4 downregulation by the treatment of macrophages with HIV-1 gp120 is mediated through the induction of endogenous TNF-alpha |
PubMed
|
|
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor
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env
|
Coexpression of HIV-1 gp160 and human CD4 in HeLa cells severely impairs HIV-1 gp120 production due to the formation of intracellular gp160-CD4 complexes; this CD4-mediated inhibition of gp160 processing is alleviated by coexpression of Vpu |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
ICAM-1 promotes HIV-1 gp160-mediated syncytium formation, and the ICAM-1 contrareceptor LFA-1 attenuates the syncytium-inhibiting activity of virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and soluble CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Interaction of HIV-1 gp160 with CD4 increases p56lck autophosphorylation and kinase activity |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
HIV-1 gp160 and gp120 specifically recognize the C-terminal heparin-binding domain of fibronectin (Fn) and this binding inhibits the interaction of gp160/gp120 with soluble CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Dimeric HIV-1 gp160 binds to two CD4 molecules |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
HIV-1 gp160 alone or CD4/gp160 cross-linking induces tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates p59fyn, zap 70, and p95vav and also leads to ras activation |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
HIV-1 gp160 molecules exist predominantly as a dimer, but higher forms corresponding to trimers and tetramers are also observed; multiple CD4 molecules bind to the gp160 oligomers |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
A complete disappearance of surface CD4 preceding single-cell death occurs in cell clones expressing gp160, in which a complex between CD4 and gp160 is formed and then accumulates intracellularly |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Newly synthesized CD4 and HIV-1 gp160 form a complex prior to transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
HIV-1 glycoprotein gp160 binds to both cell surface receptor and soluble CD4 and the interaction of gp160 with CD4 results in virus-cell and cell-cell fusion |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Amino acid residues 257, 368, 370, and 457 of HIV-1 gp160 are critical for both cell surface and intracellular interaction between gp160 and CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
Interaction of the anchoring domain of HIV-1 gp160 with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane is responsible for gp160-mediated cell surface downregulation of CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41
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env
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HIV-1 gp120 and gp41 form a transitional complex with the CD4 receptor and CCR5/CXCR4 coreceptors during virus-cell and cell-cell membrane fusion |
PubMed
|
|
env
|
A truncated cytoplasmic domain of 27 amino acids in HIV-1 gp41 can expose highly conserved domains involved in both HIV-1 coreceptor and CD4 binding |
PubMed
|
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env
|
The HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 is an amino acceptor and donor substrate for transglutaminase in vitro; soluble CD4 can block the transglutaminase-catalyzed incorporation of the polyamine spermidine into HIV-1 gp41 |
PubMed
|
|
Nef
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nef
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CD4 and MHC-1 downregulation are highly conserved in primary HIV-1 Nef alleles from brain and lymphoid tissues, but Pak2 activation is highly variable |
PubMed
|
|
nef
|
HIV-1 Nef downregulates CD4 expression on the surface of Jurkat cells and blocks the CD3 signaling pathway; mutations at amino acids 174 and 175 reduce the ability of Nef to downregulate CD4 expression |
PubMed
|
|
nef
|
CD4 downregulation by HIV-1 Nef enhances the efficiency of HIV-1 replication in both activated human primary T lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues; Nef-induced CD4 downregulation correlates with severe depletion of CD4+ T cells in lymphoid tissues |
PubMed
|
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nef
|
HIV-1 Nef induces drastic and moderate downregulation of CD4 and MHC-I in resting CD4(+) T lymphocytes, respectively, but markedly upregulates cell surface levels of the MHC-II invariant chain CD74 |
PubMed
|
|
nef
|
Expression of HIV-1 Nef in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells using an adenovirus based delivery system decreases CD4 levels, but has no effect on class I MHC |
PubMed
|
|
nef
|
HIV-1 Nef downregulates CD4 in Jurkat cells in a concentration-dependent manner |
PubMed
|
|
nef
|
HIV-1 Nef mutants C142A and K158A/E160G exhibit a temperature-dependent ability to downregulate CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
nef
|
HIV-1 Nef downregulates CD4 rapidly during the early phase of virus infection, whereas HIV-1 Vpu and Env function late in the infection; in primary cells, down-modulation of CD4 has a stronger dependence on Nef function for reducing cell surface CD4 |
PubMed
|
|
nef
|
High levels of CD4 on the surface of an HIV-1 producing cell block viral infectivity by interfering with incorporation of HIV-1 envelope into the virion; HIV-1 Nef and Vpu inhibit this block by downregulating CD4 from the cell surface |
PubMed
|
|
nef
|
Mutational analysis of HIV-1 Nef shows that a membrane targeting domain (residues 2-7) and a conserved glutamic acid-rich segment (residues 60-71) are required for CD4 downregulation but not for viral infectivity enhancement |
PubMed
|
|
nef
|
HIV-1 Nef downregulates cell surface expression of CD4 in CEM Nef+ cells by promoting the accumulation of CD4 in an acidic early endosome |
PubMed
|
|
nef
|
An isoleucine residue at position 410 and two leucine residues at positions 413 and 414 in CD4 are required for HIV-1 Nef-mediated CD4 downregulation in cells |
PubMed
|
|
nef
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Two distinct regions within HIV-1 Nef, amino acid residues 96-144 and 175-186, are required for CD4 downregulation in cells |
PubMed
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nef
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The presence of an alpha-helix in CD4, which extends from residues Gln403 to Arg406, promotes the binding of CD4 to HIV-1 Nef |
PubMed
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nef
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Yeast two-hybrid assays show that a nearly complete HIV-1 Nef protein is required for binding to the CD4 cytoplasmic domain (residues 394-416), and the dileucine motif in CD4 (residues 413-414) is essential for this direct interaction |
PubMed
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nef
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Solution NMR spectroscopy studies show a 13 amino acid peptide (residues 407-419) derived from the CD4 cytoplasmic domain binds directly to HIV-1 Nef in a manner that involves amino acid residues 57-59, 95-97, 106, and 110 in Nef |
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nef
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CEM cells stably transfected with a replication-defective provirus of HIV-1 that has a rev-splicing mutation and expresses an intact nef gene have markedly reduced cell surface expression of CD4 |
PubMed
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nef
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HIV-1 Nef-mediated downregulation of CD4 is induced by an accelerated dissociation of the T-cell tyrosine kinase Lck and CD4, and a decrease in the half-life of CD4 |
PubMed
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nef
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A dileucine motif in the cytoplasmic domain of CD4 is involved in the association of CD4 with the tyrosine kinase Lck and the downregulation of CD4 by HIV-1 Nef, however Nef does not induce dissociation of Lck from CD4 in acutely HIV-infected cells |
PubMed
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nef
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A dileucine motif in the cytoplasmic tail of CD4 is not required for HIV-1 Nef binding in insect cells, but is essential for Nef-induced CD4 downregulation |
PubMed
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nef
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A dileucine motif in the CD4 cytoplasmic domain is required for its downregulation by HIV-1 Nef; cysteine residues in the cytoplasmic domain of CD4 are essential for the binding of Lck but are not required for Nef-induced downregulation |
PubMed
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nef
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Nef from primary isolates of HIV-1 suppresses surface CD4 expression in human and mouse T cells |
PubMed
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nef
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Transduction of the HIV-1 nef gene into murine cells expressing human, chimpanzee, or murine CD4 induces cell surface downregulation of all three molecules; the cytoplasmic domain of CD4 is required for its downregulation by Nef |
PubMed
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nef
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In adult HIV-1 Nef transgenic mice, CD4 downregulation is found in CD4- and CD8-double positive thymocytes; co-localization of CD4 with a Golgi-specific marker indicates Nef interferes with CD4 intracellular trafficking |
PubMed
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nef
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CD4 is downregulated by nef alleles isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes of HIV-1-infected individuals; Nef proteins with point mutations at positions Gly2, Asp36, Cys122, and Val148 exhibit different levels of CD4 downregulation |
PubMed
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nef
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CD4 downregulation by HIV-1 Nef is independent of the level of CD4 mRNA expressed in cells and of the level of CD4 serine phosphorylation |
PubMed
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nef
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HIV-1 Nef downregulates CD4 molecules from the cell surface of T, B, peripheral blood mononuclear and monocyte/macrophage cell lines as well as non-lymphoid cell lines |
PubMed
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nef
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Experiments using both a recombinant HIV-1 Integrase-defective virus and a diketo acid Integrase inhibitor demonstrate that HIV-1 Nef expressed from extrachromosomal DNA (E-DNA) downregulates CD4 surface expression on primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes |
PubMed
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nef
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The Nef protein from the primary virus isolate HIV-1 KS2 lacks two glutamic acid residues (EE154-5) and has a decreased ability to downregulate CD4 |
PubMed
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nef
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HIV-1 expressing Nef proteins defective in CD4 downregulation activity retain wild-type levels of infectivity in single-round assays, but exhibit delayed replication kinetics and lower titers compared to the wild-type virus in monocyte-derived macrophages |
PubMed
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nef
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PMA treatment of T cells expressing HIV-1 Nef, which downregulates CD4, restores cell surface CD4 up to 35%; mutations in the phosphorylation sites of the CD4 cytoplasmic tail (Ser408 and Ser415) abolish this effect of PMA |
PubMed
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nef
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HIV-1 Nef-mediated CD4 downregulation is profoundly inhibited by the synergistic effect of Eps15DIII, a dominant negative mutant of Eps involved in endocytosis and RNA interference of AP-2 expression |
PubMed
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nef
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Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) and co-immunoprecipitation assays have been used to demonstrate the interaction of HIV-1 Nef and CD4 in intact human cells |
PubMed
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nef
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HIV-1 group N and group O Nef alleles only weakly downregulate CD4, CD28, and class I and II MHC molecules |
PubMed
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nef
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HIV-1 Nef forms a ternary complex with ARF1 and beta-COP in endosomes, which facilitates Nef-induced downregulation and transport of CD4 to acidic late-endosomal compartments |
PubMed
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nef
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HIV-1 Nef-induced CD4 degradation is regulated by a highly conserved diacidic-based motif in Nef that acts as a lysosomal targeting signal through the binding of beta-COP in endosomes |
PubMed
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nef
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Overexpression of Nef-associated factor 1, Naf1, increases cell surface CD4 expression; HIV-1 Nef suppresses this activity of Naf1 to downregulate CD4 expression |
PubMed
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nef
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The HIV-1 Nef mutant F12-HIVNef, containing three rare amino acid substitutions, G(140)E, V(153)L and E(177)G, represses Nef-induced accelerated rates of CD4 internalization and p62NAK activation |
PubMed
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nef
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A dileucine motif in Nef is required for CD4 downregulation and for interaction with clathrin adaptor complexes AP-1 and AP-2, which are responsible for recruiting sorted proteins into clathrin-coated pits |
PubMed
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nef
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Deletion of the 19 N-terminal amino acids, including the myristoylation signal from HIV-1 Nef inhibits both MHC-I and CD4 downregulation while preserving most CTL, T-helper and B-cell epitopes |
PubMed
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nef
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Different levels of CD4 modulation are induced by different HIV-1 Nef proteins derived from HIV-1 infected adults and children |
PubMed
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nef
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The functional ability of HIV-1 Nef to downregulate CD4, but not MHC class I, is associated with Nef-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 pathogenicity in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver |
PubMed
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Tat
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tat
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HIV-1 Tat upregulates mRNA expression and cell surface levels of CD4 antigen in Jurkat cells |
PubMed
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Vif
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vif
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Vif plays an important role in promoting HIV-1 binding to CD4 |
PubMed
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Vpr
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vpr
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HIV-1 Vpr downregulates the expression of surface CD4 receptors in Jurkat T cells |
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Vpu
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vpu
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Co-expression of HIV-1 Vpu with beta-TrCP2 induces degradation of total cellular CD4 content; Vpu-mediated CD4 down-modulation is inhibited by double silencing of beta-TrCP1 and beta-TrCP2 |
PubMed
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vpu
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Downregulation of CD4 from the surface of HIV-1 infected cells by HIV-1 Vpu increases viral infectivity |
PubMed
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vpu
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HIV-1 Vpu mediated degradation of CD4 requires the function of proteasomes and results from the formation of a ternary complex between beta-TrCP, Vpu and CD4 which connects CD4 to the endoplasmic reticulum degradation pathway |
PubMed
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vpu
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A simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIVtm) with a scrambled amino acid sequence in the transmembrane domain of HIV-1 Vpu fails to downregulate cell surface expression of CD4 |
PubMed
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vpu
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The C-terminal domain of HIV-1 Vpu (amino acids 76-81) interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of CD4 (amino acids 402-425) and causes the rapid degradation of CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum |
PubMed
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vpu
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Cell surface CD4 inhibits HIV-1 particle release by interfering with Vpu activity, possibly by disrupting the oligomeric structure of Vpu |
PubMed
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vpu
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HIV-1 Vpu regulates the formation of intracellular HIV-1 gp160-CD4 complexes and liberates Golgi-targeted gp160 from CD4-dependent retention in the endoplasmic reticulum |
PubMed
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vpu
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Phosphorylation of HIV-1 Vpu on two serine phosphoacceptor sites (amino acids 52 and 56) by casein kinase 2 is required for Vpu-mediated degradation of CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum |
PubMed
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