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    PLA2G6 phospholipase A2, group VI (cytosolic, calcium-independent) [ Homo sapiens ]

    Gene ID: 8398, updated on 19-May-2012

    Summary

    Official Symbol
    PLA2G6provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    phospholipase A2, group VI (cytosolic, calcium-independent)provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:9039
    Locus tag
    CTA-228A9.2
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000184381; HPRD:04675; MIM:603604; Vega:OTTHUMG00000151246
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    GVI; PLA2; INAD1; iPLA2; NBIA2A; NBIA2B; PARK14; PNPLA9; CaI-PLA2; IPLA2-VIA
    Summary
    The protein encoded by this gene is an A2 phospholipase, a class of enzyme that catalyzes the release of fatty acids from phospholipids. The encoded protein may play a role in phospholipid remodelling, arachidonic acid release, leukotriene and prostaglandin synthesis, fas-mediated apoptosis, and transmembrane ion flux in glucose-stimulated B-cells. Several transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been described, but the full-length nature of only three of them have been determined to date. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

    Genomic context

    Location :
    22q13.1
    Sequence :
    Chromosome: 22; NC_000022.10 (38507502..38577836, complement)
    See PLA2G6 in Epigenomics, MapViewer

    Chromosome 22 - NC_000022.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene solute carrier family 16, member 8 (monocarboxylic acid transporter 3) Neighboring gene BAI1-associated protein 2-like 2 Neighboring gene v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog F (avian) Neighboring gene transmembrane protein 184B

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Bibliography

    Related articles in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions What's a GeneRIF?

    Phenotypes

    Genome-wide association study identifies nidogen 1 (NID1) as a susceptibility locus to cutaneous nevi and melanoma risk.

    Genome-wide association study identifies three loci associated with melanoma risk.

    Genome-wide association study identifies variants at 9p21 and 22q13 associated with development of cutaneous nevi.

    Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy 1

    Summary from GeneReviews: Go to GeneReviews

    Disease Characteristics
    Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) comprises a classic form and an atypical form. Classic disease usually begins between ages six months and three years with hypotonia, progressive psychomotor delay, and symmetric pyramidal tract signs. Strabismus, nystagmus, and optic atrophy are common. Disease progression is rapid. Many affected children never learn to walk or lose the ability shortly after attaining it. Severe spasticity, progressive cognitive decline, and visual impairment typically result in death during the first decade. The atypical form is more varied than the classic form. In general, onset is in early childhood but can be as late as the late teens. The presenting signs may be gait instability or ataxia (as in the classic form) or speech delay and autistic features, which are sometimes the only evidence of disease for a year or more. The course is fairly stable during early childhood and resembles static encephalopathy but is followed by neurologic deterioration between ages seven and 12 years.
    Diagnosis Testing
    Before 2006, the diagnosis of INAD was established by clinical and pathologic findings alone. Since the discovery of PLA2G6, the only gene known to be associated with INAD, molecular genetic testing has been used to help confirm the diagnosis and, in many cases, eliminates the need for tissue biopsy.
    Genetic Counseling
    INAD is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. At conception, each sib of an affected individual has a 25% chance of being affected, a 50% chance of being an asymptomatic carrier, and a 25% chance of being unaffected and not a carrier. Carrier testing for at-risk family members and prenatal testing for pregnancies at increased risk are possible if the disease-causing mutations in the family are known.
    References

    Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 2B

    Parkinson disease 14

    HIV-1 protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env HIV-1 gp120 causes an activation of phospholipase A2, resulting in the increased release of arachidonic acid, which may sensitize the NMDA receptor PubMed
    env HIV-1 gp120 induces a specific phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation in lymphocytes through binding to CD4, but this effect is not sufficient to accomplish virus/cell fusion PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database

    General gene information

    Markers

    Homology

    Pathways from BioSystems

    • Arachidonic acid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Arachidonic acid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
      Arachidonic acid metabolism
    • Arachidonic acid metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Arachidonic acid metabolism, conserved biosystem
      Arachidonic acid metabolism
    • Eicosanoid Synthesis, organism-specific biosystem (from WikiPathways)
      Eicosanoid Synthesis, organism-specific biosystemIn biochemistry, eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by oxidation of twenty-carbon essential fatty acids, (EFAs). They exert complex control over many bodily systems, mainly in inflammation or i...
    • Ether lipid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Ether lipid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
      Ether lipid metabolism
    • Ether lipid metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Ether lipid metabolism, conserved biosystem
      Ether lipid metabolism
    • Fat digestion and absorption, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fat digestion and absorption, organism-specific biosystemFat is an important energy source from food. More than 95% of dietary fat is long-chain triacylglycerols (TAG), the remaining being phospholipids (4.5%) and sterols. In the small intestine lumen, die...
    • Fat digestion and absorption, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fat digestion and absorption, conserved biosystemFat is an important energy source from food. More than 95% of dietary fat is long-chain triacylglycerols (TAG), the remaining being phospholipids (4.5%) and sterols. In the small intestine lumen, die...
    • Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemFc epsilon RI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cells are initiated by the interaction of antigen (Ag) with IgE bound to the extracellular domain of the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI. The activation...
    • Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, conserved biosystemFc epsilon RI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cells are initiated by the interaction of antigen (Ag) with IgE bound to the extracellular domain of the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI. The activation...
    • Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, organism-specific biosystemPhagocytosis plays an essential role in host-defense mechanisms through the uptake and destruction of infectious pathogens. Specialized cell types including macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes ta...
    • Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, conserved biosystemPhagocytosis plays an essential role in host-defense mechanisms through the uptake and destruction of infectious pathogens. Specialized cell types including macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes ta...
    • Glutamatergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Glutamatergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synap...
    • Glutamatergic synapse, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Glutamatergic synapse, conserved biosystemGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synap...
    • Glycerophospholipid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Glycerophospholipid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
      Glycerophospholipid metabolism
    • Glycerophospholipid metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Glycerophospholipid metabolism, conserved biosystem
      Glycerophospholipid metabolism
    • GnRH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      GnRH signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus acts upon its receptor in the anterior pituitary to regulate the production and release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. The GnR...
    • GnRH signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      GnRH signaling pathway, conserved biosystemGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus acts upon its receptor in the anterior pituitary to regulate the production and release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. The GnR...
    • Linoleic acid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Linoleic acid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
      Linoleic acid metabolism
    • Linoleic acid metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Linoleic acid metabolism, conserved biosystem
      Linoleic acid metabolism
    • Long-term depression, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Long-term depression, organism-specific biosystemCerebellar long-term depression (LTD), thought to be a molecular and cellular basis for cerebellar learning, is a process involving a decrease in the synaptic strength between parallel fiber (PF) and...
    • Long-term depression, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Long-term depression, conserved biosystemCerebellar long-term depression (LTD), thought to be a molecular and cellular basis for cerebellar learning, is a process involving a decrease in the synaptic strength between parallel fiber (PF) and...
    • MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      MAPK signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
    • MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      MAPK signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals e...
    • Metabolic pathways, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Metabolic pathways, organism-specific biosystem
      Metabolic pathways
    • Pancreatic secretion, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Pancreatic secretion, organism-specific biosystemThe pancreas performs both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas consists of two parts, the acinar and duct cells. The primary functions of pancreatic acinar cells are to synthesiz...
    • Pancreatic secretion, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Pancreatic secretion, conserved biosystemThe pancreas performs both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas consists of two parts, the acinar and duct cells. The primary functions of pancreatic acinar cells are to synthesiz...
    • Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Serotonergic synapse, organism-specific biosystemSerotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays important roles in physiological functions such as learning and memory, emotion, sleep, pain, motor function and endoc...
    • Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Toxoplasmosis, organism-specific biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
    • Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Toxoplasmosis, conserved biosystemToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechan...
    • VEGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      VEGF signaling pathway, organism-specific biosystemThere is now much evidence that VEGFR-2 is the major mediator of VEGF-driven responses in endothelial cells and it is considered to be a crucial signal transducer in both physiologic and pathologic a...
    • VEGF signaling pathway, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      VEGF signaling pathway, conserved biosystemThere is now much evidence that VEGFR-2 is the major mediator of VEGF-driven responses in endothelial cells and it is considered to be a crucial signal transducer in both physiologic and pathologic a...
    • Vascular smooth muscle contraction, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      Vascular smooth muscle contraction, organism-specific biosystemThe vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. On contraction, VSMCs shorten, thereby decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel to regula...
    • Vascular smooth muscle contraction, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      Vascular smooth muscle contraction, conserved biosystemThe vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. On contraction, VSMCs shorten, thereby decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel to regula...
    • alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem (from KEGG)
      alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism, organism-specific biosystem
      alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism
    • alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism, conserved biosystem (from KEGG)
      alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism, conserved biosystem
      alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism
    • phospholipases, organism-specific biosystem (from BIOCYC)
      phospholipases, organism-specific biosystem
      phospholipases

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    hydrolase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    phospholipase A2 activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    cardiolipin biosynthetic process IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    cell death IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    lipid catabolic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    metabolic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    centrosome IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    cytoplasm IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2
    Names
    85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2
    GVI PLA2
    group VI phospholipase A2
    calcium-independent phospholipase A2
    patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 9
    cytosolic, calcium-independent phospholipase A2
    NP_001004426.1
    NP_001186491.1
    NP_003551.2

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_007094.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      4926..75260
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001004426.1NP_001004426.1  85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 isoform b

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an in-frame exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (b) has the same N- and C-termini but lacks an internal segment compared to isoform a. Variants 2 and 3 both encode the same isoform (b). Isoform b is found in the cytoplasm while isoform a is membrane-bound.
      Source sequence(s)
      AF064594, BC036742, BC051904
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS33645.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      O60733
      Related
      ENSP00000335149, ENST00000335539
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      cd00204
      Location:285395
      Blast Score: 272
      ANK; ankyrin repeats; ankyrin repeats mediate protein-protein interactions in very diverse families of proteins. The number of ANK repeats in a protein can range from 2 to over 20 (ankyrins, for example). ANK repeats may occur in combinations with other ...
      cd07212
      Location:426739
      Blast Score: 1480
      Pat_PNPLA9; Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 9
      pfam12796
      Location:291380
      Blast Score: 213
      Ank_2; Ankyrin repeats (3 copies)
    2. NM_001199562.1NP_001186491.1  85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 isoform b

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks an in-frame exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (b) has the same N- and C-termini but lacks an internal segment compared to isoform a. Variants 2 and 3 both encode the same isoform (b). Isoform b is found in the cytoplasm while isoform a is membrane-bound.
      Source sequence(s)
      AF064594, AK290825, BC051904
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS33645.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K460
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      O60733
      Related
      ENSP00000386100, OTTHUMP00000199457, ENST00000402064, OTTHUMT00000321861
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      cd00204
      Location:285395
      Blast Score: 272
      ANK; ankyrin repeats; ankyrin repeats mediate protein-protein interactions in very diverse families of proteins. The number of ANK repeats in a protein can range from 2 to over 20 (ankyrins, for example). ANK repeats may occur in combinations with other ...
      cd07212
      Location:426739
      Blast Score: 1480
      Pat_PNPLA9; Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 9
      pfam12796
      Location:291380
      Blast Score: 213
      Ank_2; Ankyrin repeats (3 copies)
    3. NM_003560.2NP_003551.2  85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 isoform a

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longer isoform (a). Isoform a is membrane-bound while isoform b is found in the cytoplasm.
      Source sequence(s)
      AF064594, BC036742, BC051904
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS13967.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      O60733
      Related
      ENSP00000333142, OTTHUMP00000199456, ENST00000332509, OTTHUMT00000321860
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      cd00204
      Location:285403
      Blast Score: 277
      ANK; ankyrin repeats; ankyrin repeats mediate protein-protein interactions in very diverse families of proteins. The number of ANK repeats in a protein can range from 2 to over 20 (ankyrins, for example). ANK repeats may occur in combinations with other ...
      cd07212
      Location:480793
      Blast Score: 1479
      Pat_PNPLA9; Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 9
      pfam12796
      Location:291380
      Blast Score: 213
      Ank_2; Ankyrin repeats (3 copies)

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Build 37.3

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh37.p5 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000022.10 Reference GRCh37.p5 Primary Assembly

      Range
      38507502..38577836, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate HuRef

    Genomic

    1. AC_000154.1 Alternate HuRef

      Range
      21473858..21543900, complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

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